Stacking of floating structures, known as submodules or cells, provides the modular multilevel converter with theoretically unlimited voltage scalability. However, such a convenience comes at price increased control complexity, especially in domain internal energy control. In other words, energies submodule clusters must be controlled to their setpoint values; otherwise, stable and high-perform...

The paper addresses an improved inner current reference calculation to be employed in the control of modular multilevel converters operating during either balanced or unbalanced conditions. suggested is derived based on AC and DC additive differential voltage components applied upper lower arms converter. In addition, impacts caused not only by network’s impedances but also MMC’s arm are consid...

The lifetime of a network is the key design factor of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). To prolong the lifetime of MANETs, one is forced to attain a tradeoff of minimizing the energy consumption and load balancing. In MANETs, energy waste resulting from retransmission due to high bit error rate (BER) and high frame error rate (FER) of wireless channel is significant. In this paper, we propose tw...

assembly line production is one of the widely used basic principles in production system. the problem of assembly line balancing deals with the distribution of activities among the workstations so that there will be maximum utilization of human resources and facilities without disturbing the work sequence. research works reported in the literature mainly deals with minimization of idle time i.e...

Energy efficiency and balancing is one of the primary challenges for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since the tiny sensor nodes cannot be easily recharged once they are deployed. Up to now, many energy efficient routing algorithms or protocols have been proposed with techniques like clustering, data aggregation and location tracking etc. However, many of them aim to minimize parameters like to...

AMP-activated protein kinase appears to have evolved in single-celled eukaryotes as an adenine nucleotide sensor that maintains energy homeostasis at the cellular level. However, during evolution of more complex multicellular organisms, the system has adapted to interact with hormones so that it also plays a key role in balancing energy intake and expenditure at the whole body level.