During the 1971 epidemic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) in south Texas, 203 suspect VEE cases were evaluated by the Center for Disease Control. Sixty-seven were confirmed as cases of VEE. Laboratory confirmation was accomplished by isolation of VEE virus from a serum specimen taken during the acute illness in 50 (75%) of the confirmed cases. Serological confirmation was obtained i...

In this paper, fuzzy h-bi-ideals, fuzzy h-quasi-ideals and fuzzy h-interior ideals of a Γ-hemiring are studied and some related properties are investigated. The notions of h-intra-hemiregularity and h-quasi-hemiregularity of a Γ-hemiring are introduced and studied along with h-hemiregularity and their characterizations in terms of fuzzy h-ideals are also obtained. The concept of fuzzy h-duo Γ-h...

Let p be a prime number. Fermat's little theorem [1] states that a^(p-1) mod p=1 (a hat (^) denotes exponentiation) for all integers a between 1 and p-1. A primitive root [1] of p is a number r such that any integer a between 1 and p-1 can be expressed by a=r^k mod p, with k a nonnegative integer smaller that p-1. If p is an odd prime number then r is a primitive root of p if and only if r^((p-...

The notions of prime(semiprime) fuzzy h-ideal(h-biideal, h-quasi-ideal) in Γ-hemiring are introduced and some of their characterizations are obtained by using ”belongingness(∈)” and ”quasi − coincidence(q)”. Cartesian product of prime(semiprime) fuzzy h-ideals of Γ-hemirings are also investigated. Keywords—Γ-hemiring, Fuzzy h-ideals, Prime fuzzy left h-ideal, Prime(semiprime) (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy lef...

Cross-protection between Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalomyelitis (VEE, EEE, WEE) viruses was studied in the hamster by using challenge responses and neutralizing antibody titers as indexes of protection. Formalin-inactivated vaccines induced only homologous protection regardless of the sequence of vaccination or the combination of vaccines employed. Use of attenuated VEE vacci...

Experimental studies were undertaken to ascertain the vector potential of North American (Houston and Alsace) and South American (Sao Paulo and Santa Teresa) strains of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) for an epizootic (Trinidad donkey) strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Infection rates were similar in all four strains of Ae. albopictus tested after ingestion of VEE virus from a...