The issues surrounding transportation equity, both external and internal to transportation, are explored. Several examples are provided of transportation improvements that impose transportation costs on more individuals than those who are benefited. Beyond counting the number of winners and losers, several quantitative measures of equity are suggested and applied to a test case: ramp meters in ...

2.1 Investment in education has played a central role in Sri Lankan government policy for several generations. Key aims of public education policy have included: (i) enhancing economic equity; (ii) promoting inter-generational social mobility; (iii) increasing labor productivity and earnings through human capital accumulation; and (iv) producing a healthy and prosperous society. The economic an...

Equity pledging is susceptible to agency problems and substantial risk, resulting in inefficient corporate investment. We show the negative impact not just induced by controlling shareholders but also pledged non-controlling actual controllers. Our results add that SOEs with control rights via or controllers can mitigate investment inefficiency problems. conclude pledgor type matters of shareho...