we present an approach to design of fault tolerant computing systems. in this paper, a technique is employed that enable the combination of several codes, in order to obtain flexibility in the design of error correcting codes. code combining techniques are very effective, which one of these codes are turbo codes. the algorithm-based fault tolerance techniques that to detect errors rely on the c...

The Hamiltonian model of quantum error correction code in the literature is often constructed with the help of its stabilizer formalism. But there have been many known examples of nonadditive codes which are beyond the standard quantum error correction theory using the stabilizer formalism. In this paper, we suggest the other type of Hamiltonian formalism for quantum error correction code witho...

This paper investigates empirically the factors that influence real agricultural wage rates in Ghana, based on 1957 to 1991 data. The Johansen cointegration framework is used to examine long-run relationships among agricultural and urban wage rates, the domestic terms of trade between agriculture and nonagriculture, urban unemployment, capital stock in agriculture and the size of the rural popu...

This paper introduces a new representation for seasonally cointegrated variables, namely the complex error correction model, which allows statistical inference to be performed by reduced rank regression. The suggested estimators and tests statistics are asymptotically equivalent to their maximum likelihood counterparts. Tables are provided for both asymptotic and finite sample critical values, ...

The causation relationship between economic growth and military expenditures in developing countries has received growing focus in recent years. One of the arguments in this field is that military spending absorbs a significant proportion of the limited financial resources in LDCs. The present study examines the causal relation in two models: defense spending with total real economic growth and...

The paper examines the temporal relationship between revenues and expenditures for the four southern states during 1980 to 2005. Using an error-correction model and Granger causality test, it finds that the taxspend hypothesis is supported by the analsysis. The spend-tax hypothesis is valid for Karnataka; fiscal synchronization hypothesis is supported for Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, while the da...

The predictive accuracy of various econometric models, including random walks, vector autoregressive and vector error-correction models, are investigated using daily futures prices of 4 commodities (the S&P500 index, treasury bonds, gold and crude oil). All models are estimated using a rolling window approach, and evaluated by both in-sample and out-of-sample performance measures. The criteria ...