Effect sizes are estimated from several study designs when the subjects are individually sampled. When the samples are the aggregate cluster of individuals, the within cluster correlation must be accounted for to construct correct confidence intervals, and to conduct valid statistical inference. The purpose of this article is to propose and evaluate statistical procedures for the estimation of ...

We introduce $k$-variance, a generalization of variance built on the machinery random bipartite matchings. $K$-variance measures expected cost matching two sets $k$ samples from distribution to each other, capturing local rather than global information about measure as increases; it is easily approximated stochastically using sampling and linear programming. In addition defining $k$-variance pr...

D. A. Kenny (1994) estimated the components of personality rating variance to be 15, 20, and 20% for target, rater, and relationship, respectively. To enhance trait variance and minimize rater variance, we designed a series of studies of personality perception in discussion groups (N = 79, 58, and 59). After completing a Big Five questionnaire, participants met 7 times in small groups. After Me...

The authors use a statistic on page 320 which assumes zero variance for an estimated Poisson mean E. The estimate of E is based on national age-sex-specific rates for white males. The sample variance of this estimate is negligible, but possible demographic and geographic fluctuations in the lung cancer rate are not reflected in this sample variance. Increased variance of E would lower the value...

To fit hearing aids, estimated values are used to convert dB HL to dB SPL. This does not account for variance in ear canal shape and volume. Measured RECDs can change the NAL-NL1 targets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if patients that deviate widely from the estimated RECDs are prone to additional follow-up visits.

Tolerance to infections is the ability of a host to limit the impact of a given pathogen burden on host performance. This simulation study demonstrated the merit of using random regressions to estimate unbiased genetic variances for tolerance slope and its genetic correlations with other traits, which could not be obtained using the previously implemented statistical methods. Genetic variance i...

Image registration refers to the process of finding the spatial correspondence between two or more images. This is usually done by applying a spatial transformation, computed automatic or manually, to a given image using a continuous image model computed either with interpolation or approximation methods. We show that noise induced signal variance in interpolated images differs significantly fr...

BACKGROUND Studies examining the association between telomere length and cancer risk have often relied on measurement of telomere length from a single blood draw using a real-time PCR technique. We examined the reliability of telomere length measurement using sequential samples collected over a 9-month period. METHODS AND FINDINGS Relative telomere length in peripheral blood was estimated usi...

The possibility of breeding for uniform individuals by selecting animals expressing a small response to environment has been studied extensively in animal breeding. Bayesian methods for fitting models with genetic components in the residual variance have been developed for this purpose, but have limitations due to the computational demands. We use the hierarchical (h)-likelihood from the theory...