Pediatric optic neuritis (PON) tend to have their differences with adult (ON). It might happen due several etiologies such as neuromyelitis optica disorder, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis and many more. While cases of post infectious vaccination rarely happened in adults compared other etiologies, it works differently on pediatric cases. ON caused a lot by vaccinations...

Background: Spasticity is a motor disorder that appears as cause of upper and lower limb disability, frequently causing pain. IncobotulinumtoxinA (IncoA) has proved effective for treating diverse musculoskeletal pathologies, including spasticity spasticity-related Aims: The aim was to determine the efficacy IncoA treatment pain associated etiologies. Methods: Prospective, single-center study 30...

Giant left atrium is a rare condition, with a reported incidence of 0.3%, and following mainly rheumatic mitral valve disease. Although rheumatic heart disease represents the main cause of giant left atrium, other etiologies have been reported. Giant left atrium has significant hemodynamic effects and requires specific management. In this review, we present two cases, discuss the different defi...

In patients with malignancy, the common etiologies of granuloma formation are tumor related sarcoid reaction, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases. Often, the finding of granulomas in malignant patients may obscure the primary malignancy or may mislead towards treatment of infectious and other etiologies. Hence, their proper recognition and necessary follow up is needed to...