Evaporation coefficient (KE) is defined as the ratio of actual evaporation over potential evaporation under the same atmospheric conditions. The use of KE provides an alternative means for evaluating soil moisture status and quantifying soil evaporation by reducing in situ measurements. However, little effort has been made to evaluate the estimation of KE over soil surfaces. In this study, a re...

In this study, metallic nanoislands were prepared by thermal annealing of gold thin film produced vacuum evaporation on a glass substrate to investigate the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect them. The influence analyte enhancement factor SERS was studied with riboflavin and rhodamine 6G dye. Two laser excitation sources at 532 633 nm wavelengths used for measurements. We found tha...

In this study, we proposed and tested different procedures for the preparation of Au/Si cantilevers Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The TERS sensors was based on three methods: chemical (electroless) deposition, thermal evaporation Au tip commercially available in a vacuum, electrochemical etching microwires. We fabricated four types probes, then used these probes measurements using gra...

In this paper, we adapted the Appleby–Battye–Starobinsky model of [Formula: see text] gravity towards describing double cosmological inflation and formation primordial black holes with masses up to g in single-field model. We found that it is possible get an enhancement power spectrum scalar curvature perturbations level beyond Hawking (black hole evaporation) limit g, so resulting from gravita...

This guide to estimating daily and monthly actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation covers topics that are of interest to researchers, consulting hydrologists and practicing engineers. Topics include estimating actual evaporation from deep lakes and from farm dams and for catchment water balance studies, estimating potential evaporation as input to rainfall-runoff models, and refer...

Evaporation estimates are often used in water balance calculations to determine seepage rates from feedyard holding ponds and lagoons. These estimates have been made using empirical equations derived for clear water, Class A Pan evaporation measurements using clear water, and rule-of-thumb estimates. However, feedyard effluent has different physical and chemical characteristics than clear water...

We report a high-throughput method for the fabrication of metallic nanogap arrays with high-accuracy over large areas. This method, based on shadow evaporation and interference lithography, achieves sub-10 nm gap sizes with a high accuracy of 61.5 nm. Controlled fabrication is demonstrated over mm areas and for periods of 250 nm. Experiments complemented with numerical simulations indicate that...

One-dimensional (1D) semiconducting nanoscale materials have attracted considerable attention because of their importance in understanding the fundamental properties of low dimensionality in materials as well as in nanodevice applications. Many methods, including vapor–liquid–solid (VLS), vapor–solid (VS), and solution-based, have been developed to synthesize 1D semiconducting nanoscale materia...

Ensemble experiments with a global coupled climate model are performed for the twentieth century with time-evolving solar, greenhouse gas, sulfate aerosol (direct effect), and ozone (tropospheric and stratospheric) forcing. Observed global warming in the twentieth century occurred in two periods, one in the early twentieth century from about the early 1900s to the 1940s, and one later in the ce...

We report on experiments on the underlying physical mechanisms in the Dry(DLC) and Steam Laser Cleaning (SLC) process. Using a frequency doubled, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (FWHM=8 ns) we removed polystyrene (PS) particles with diameters from 110-2000 nm from industrial silicon wafers by the DLC process. The experiments have been carried out both in ambient conditions as well as in high vacuum (10...