A patent's claims define the scope of a patent-holder's right to exclude others. Because patent infringement actions often hinge on how a court construes claim terms, the interpretative approach that a court uses has a significant effect on the scope ofpatent rights. This article examines claim construction through the lens of contract law. In theory, the Federal Circuit has explicitly rejected...

This paper will analyze the emerging law and economics justification for alimony. It will argue that while the economic justification for alimony contains some important insights, feminists and other family law scholars should ultimately be wary of attempting to justify postdivorce incomesharing by relying primarily on economic efficiency grounds. Part I of the paper will briefly sketch the his...

Collective bargaining forms an integral part of a trade union. In Malaysia, workers are protected under the relevant employment legislations that provide basic minimum rights. Although Malaysia’s freedom association is embodied in Federal Constitution, rights gig economy workers, more often than not, neglected. This evident from exclusion this category definition stated legislations. With exclu...

background: evaluating the research projects in qualitative and quantitative terms is necessary to clarify their advantages and disadvantages and to resolve the possible failures.   purpose: the study aims to assess the quality of the approved research projects. the objective is to determine whether the design of the research in the approved proposals is accurate in regard of different scientif...