It is well-accepted that Archie's law only applicable to “clean” rocks and soils but fails in “dirty” ones where clay minerals possess an additional component of surface conductivity. Although several models, for example, Waxman-Smits model, were presented account this phenomenon, conductivity always inappropriately treated as constant, which actually holds at high salinities. The essential non...

The reinforcement of soils is the technique that geotechnical engineers currently use to improve shear strength and bearing capacity parameters, especially when land available for execution a project not able withstand structural loads which it subjected. One techniques, used this purpose since ancient times, incorporation fibers into soil matrix; however, great interest in its study has only b...

The AASHTO code of practice for design of bridges shows that the ductility level for foundation is given equal to one. Bridges are classified in three classes. For class of essential and normal bridges a question for not to use ductility level due to the importance of bridges’ costs is become an important item in different countries particularly in Middle east. This paper aimed to study on pe...

This paper presents the application of a frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor designed for soil salinity assessment of sandy mineral soils in a wide range of soil moisture and bulk electrical conductivity, through the determination of soil complex dielectric permittivity spectra in the frequency range 10-500 MHz. The real part of dielectric permittivity was assessed from the 380-440 MHz,...