This study intends to assess the shock from national foreign exchange's primary variables, such as exports, imports, and exchange rates, for period 2000-2019. The data utilized in this came Indonesian Statistics Bureau (BPS), Bank of Indonesia (BI), World 2021. For analysis, we utilize an autoregressive framework capture explain its long-term influence on a country’s reserves. results VECM indi...

of ten Central and Eastern European transition economies as well as its indirect impact via changes in exchange rate regimes. Not only aggregate but also bilateral and sectoral export flows are studied. To this end, we first analyze shifts in exchange rate volatility linked to changes in the exchange rate regimes and second, use these changes to construct dummy variables we include in our expor...

U.S.-Japan as well as U.S.-Canada bilateral real trade balances, real exchange rates and relative real GDP is non-stationary in levels revealing I (1) behavior. There are evidence of co integration, long-run bi-directional causal flows among variables with no clear evidence of feedbacks in different lag structures. INTRODUCTION Japan and Canada are the most important trading partners of the Uni...

In this paper we use new, detailed and comprehensive linked firm-product data to describe various dimensions of the Chinese export boom from 2000-2007. First, we decompose the total growth in exports into an intensive and extensive margin at both the firm and the product level. We also use this decomposition to analyse the role of processing firms, foreign-owned firms and firms which benefit fr...

One of the most important policies concerning the adjustment of foreign trade is to allocate foreign currency by establishing an exchange control system. The mechanism of this would be so that the Central Bank operates or supervises all transactions concerning foreign exchange. However, the controlling system, like all other international systems of payment, operates with some adjustments and i...

this study examined the effects of trade liberalization and exchange rate changes on carbohydrate staples in nigeria. secondary data published from 1974 to 2006 on cassava exports and rice imports as well as non-tradable carbohydrate staples were used. it was hypothesized that exchange rate changes and trade liberalization via price relatives, trade intensity and nominal protection coefficient ...

In 1950, Orcutt argued that ‘trade flows respond to changes in nominal exchange rate faster than relative prices’. Subsequently empirical studies have tested this hypothesis and found mixed results. The experience of Sri Lanka, where it has been encountering a relentless fall is the share its exports global trade during past decade, provides an ample motivation test ascertain which policy instr...

Present study has been done with the aim of reviewing effects of eight-year war between Iran and Iraq on the first program of economic and social development in Islamic Republic of Iran. Theoretical framework of this study is functionalist perspective in order to identify positive and negative functions of this war for the first development program after Islamic revolution that has been done wi...

present paper is an attempt to estimate the impact of economic and geographic indicators in trade among islamic countries according to a bilateral trade model as gravity model, and study the relationship between economy, geography and trade in this way. fixed effect version of the panel data estimation producer with oic member country data spanning over the 2007–2012. the result of this researc...