Following the sustainable transport policy, environmental criteria are becoming a competitive factor within maritime shipping industry. The use of greener fuels in internal combustion engines, including electric drive, is measure that can reduce external costs transport. Alternative transport, benefits, and potential attainable savings have been examined on Kamenari–Lepatane ro-ro ferry route B...

Internal costs refer to the direct monetised for a person or organisation undertaking an activity. They are that business bases its price on. External not included in and consist on cost of disposing product at end useful life, environmental degradation caused by emissions, pollutants wastes from production, health problems harmful materials ingredients social associated with increasing unemplo...

In this work we discuss the theoretical foundation for the introduction of a taxation mechanism at tourism destinations with the aim of setting an appropriate policy for the tourist use of the local tourism assets. Of course, to this aim some specific reasons must be identified to justify this kind of proposal. These can be mainly represented by the needs to internalise tourism external costs a...

Over the past two decades there have been major increases in dairy production in New Zealand. This increase in intensity has required increased use of external inputs, in particular fertilizer, feed, and water. Intensified dairy farming thus incurs considerable environmental externalities: impacts that are not paid for directly by the dairy farmer. These externalities are left for the wider New...

The question concerning the circumstances under which it is advantageous for a company to outsource certain information systems functions has been a controversial issue for the last decade. While opponents emphasize the risks of outsourcing based on the loss of strategic potentials and increased transaction costs, proponents emphasize the strategic benefits of outsourcing and high potentials of...

Flexible, context-dependent linkages between stimulus and response are fundamental to adaptive behavior. In the present article, we evaluate the limits of this flexibility by exploring the asymptotic efficiency of people's ability to switch between two different sensorimotor mappings. Two stimulus-response (S-R) mappings were learned, either both on the same hand (unimanual condition) or one ma...