Influenza A virus contains eight RNA segments and encodes 10 viral proteins. However, an 11th protein, called PB1-F2, was found in A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1). This novel protein is translated from an alternative open reading frame (ORF) in the PB1 gene. We analyzed the PB1 gene of 42 recent influenza A isolates in Taiwan, including 24 H1N1 and 18 H3N2 strains. One H1N1 isolate and 17 H3N2 isolat...

Let f1 (resp. f2) denote two (elliptic) newforms of prime level N , trivial character and weight 2 (resp. k + 2, where k ∈ {8, 12}). We provide evidence for the Bloch-Kato conjecture for the motive M = ρf1⊗ρf2 (−k/2−1) by proving that under some assumptions the p-valuation of the order of the Bloch-Kato Selmer group of M is bounded from below by the p-valuation of the relevant L-value (a specia...

This short note gives an alternative proof of the M-convex intersection theorem, which is one of the central results in discrete convex analysis. This note is intended to provide a direct simpler proof accessible to nonexperts. 1 M-Convex Intersection Theorem The M-convex intersection theorem [3, Theorem 8.17] reads as follows, where V is a nonempty finite set, and Z and R are the sets of integ...

The recently identified erythrocyte binding antigen-140 (EBA-140) is a member of the Plasmodium falciparum DBL family of erythrocyte binding proteins, which are considered as prospective candidates for malaria vaccine development. The EBA-140 ligand is a paralogue of the well-characterized P. falciparum EBA-175 antigen. They share homology of domain structure, including Region II, which consist...

An important aspect of speech perception is the ability to group or select formants using cues in the acoustic source characteristics--for example, fundamental frequency (F0) differences between formants promote their segregation. This study explored the role of more radical differences in source characteristics. Three-formant (F1+F2+F3) synthetic speech analogues were derived from natural sent...

A synthetic laboratory population of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was used to test the F2 screen developed for detecting the frequency of rare resistance alleles to Cry1Ac and Cry1C toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Of the 120 single-pair matings set up, 106 produced enough F2 families for screening of Cry1Ac or Cry1C resistance alleles using both transgenic broccoli and...

Abstract The objective of this work was to assess the genetic control tolerance thermoinhibition in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds. Seeds F1, F2, and F2:3 generations derived from cross between cultivars Everglades (tolerant thermoinhibition) Verônica (sensitive were used, besides seeds parents. Seed germination tests conducted a completely randomized design, with four replicates each parent, e...

Denote the free group on 2 letters by F2 and the SL(2,C)-representation variety of F2 by R = Hom(F2, SL(2,C)). The group SL(2,C) acts on R by conjugation. We construct an isomorphism between the coordinate ring C[SL(2,C)] and the ring of matrix coefficients, providing an additive basis of C[R]SL(2,C) in terms of spin networks. Using a graphical calculus, we determine the symmetries and multipli...

an f2 japanese quail population was developed by crossing two strains (wild and white) to map quantitative trait loci (qtl) for performance and carcass traits. a total of 472 f2 birds were reared and slaughtered at 42 days of age. performance and carcass traits were measured on all of the f2 individuals. parental (p0), f1 and f2 individuals were genotyped with 3 microsatellites from quail chrom...