By the use of ultrasound, chemical analysis and histologic techniques, the knowledge of embryo and fetal growth and developments is increasing steadily.  It has been demonstrated that the fetus can respond to sound, bright light and touch. Accordingly, works on fetal responses to external stimuli during the third trimester may ultimately lead to improve­ments in the techniques of antepartum fe...

The transport and metabolism of glutamine (GLN) and glutamate (GLU) during fetal development exhibit unique characteristics that clearly emphasize the importance of the interaction between the placenta and the fetal liver. GLN is delivered into the fetal circulation at a rate that is the highest of all the amino acids. In contrast, ;90% of fetal plasma GLU is extracted by the placenta. Converse...

Fetal hypoxia is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. One of the most severe sequels of fetal hypoxic insult is the development of perinatal brain lesions resulting in a spectrum of neurological disabilities, from minor cerebral disorders to cerebral palsy. One of the most important fetal adaptive responses to hypoxia is redistribution of blood flow towards the fetal ...

The fetal liver is located at the crossroads of the umbilical venous circulation. Anatomically, the ductus venosus (DV) and the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein are arranged in parallel. The actual DV shunting rate, i.e. the percentage of umbilical blood flow entering the DV measured by Doppler velocimetry, seems to be lower than that estimated using radioactively-labeled microspheres. ...

extract  in this study, position of fetus were examined in the different weeks of pregnancy and their association with fetus presentation in during labor. the study group included women who had normal condition. the aim of this study include:   1- to determine the distribution normal position of fetus before birth.   2- to determine the possibility of concurrent position of fetus in during preg...

The transport and metabolism of glutamine (GLN) and glutamate (GLU) during fetal development exhibit unique characteristics that clearly emphasize the importance of the interaction between the placenta and the fetal liver. GLN is delivered into the fetal circulation at a rate that is the highest of all the amino acids. In contrast, approximately 90% of fetal plasma GLU is extracted by the place...

Multiple pregnancy is increasingly considered a complication of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian stimulation for natural fertilization. Harms to fetuses, newborn and older children, mothers, families, and healthcare systems are encouraging single embryo transfer. When patients knowingly accept multiple pregnancy risks from IVF or ovarian stimulation, they are unlikely to succeed in liti...

The human asialoglycoprotein receptor expressed by the HepG2 cell line is composed of the two homologous polypeptides H1 and H2. Transblot analysis of HepG2 cell lysates indicated that the progressive loss in the steady-state level of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) when cells were maintained in medium supplemented with dialyzed fetal bovine serum was reversed by the addition of cell-permean...

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of smoke exposure on the growth patterns of the head, limbs, and torso of the midgestation human fetus. Four hundred maternal/fetal pairs contributed to this analysis: 366 individuals were assessed cross-sectionally (87 smokers and 279 nonsmokers) at approximately 20 and 32 weeks, and 34 individuals were followed longitudinally at 23, 27, a...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence of RhD immunisation after implementation of first trimester non-invasive fetal RHD screening to select only RhD negative women carrying RHD positive fetuses for routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis (RAADP). MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a population-based prospective observational cohort study with historic controls including all maternity care centres a...