The incidence of dengue has been on the upsurge in the last decade. It has affected around one-third of the world's population living in endemic areas. It can be asymptomatic or may present with some specific symptoms. No control measures have proven beneficial to decrease the prevalence of this disease. The emergence of dengue vaccine has been a revolutionary hope in the future of patients aff...

Our bodies use interferon (IFN) signalling as a central pathway to limit the spread of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. After pathogen exposure, IFN production leads to the activation of immune cells—such as natural killer cells, macrophages and T lymphocytes—which mediate pathogen clearance. There are two main types of IFN signalling, type I and II. In type I signalling, IFN...

A nthrax is an infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis (1, 2). The endospores of the bacterium are remarkably resistant to physical stress and highly infectious (2). In October 2001, the attacks on the World Trade Center were followed by an outbreak of anthrax in the United States after the intentional release of spores through contaminated letters, leading t...

We consider sex differences in human facial morphology in the context of developmental change. We show that at puberty, the height of the upper face, between the lip and the brow, develops differently in males and females, and that these differences are not explicable in terms of sex differences in body size. We find the same dimorphism in the faces of human ancestors. We propose that the relat...

Communication skills tend to decline with time unless they are regularly recalled and practiced. However, most medical schools still deliver clinical communication training only during pre-clinical years although the clinical environment is considered to be ideal for acquiring and teaching clinical communication. The aim of this article is to review the barriers that prevent communication skill...

In ancient Tamil Nadu, countless literatures emerged in the world of literature due to patronage poets who knew depths sea like Literature. A country's greatest wealth is its literature. Sangam best we have that respect. Poets had political knowledge along with literary knowledge. They became ministers and lifelong friends patrons supported them. The patrons, seeing poets, cheered a child has s...

OBJECTIVE Health-care communication skills training may be particularly needed in the Arabian Gulf countries because of the variety of cultures within the physician and patient populations. This study describes the implementation and results of a communication skills training program for physicians in Qatar that assessed previous training, and effect of previous training on participants' course...

A pirate is a person who buys a legal copy of a copyrighted work and who reproduces it to sell illegal copies. Artists and authors are worried as they do not get the income which is legally theirs. It has been suggested to mark every copy sold with a unique fingerprint, so that any unauthorised copy may be traced back to the source and the pirate who bought it. The fingerprint must be embedded ...