Life in the universe originated and is evolving in accordance with the general laws of nature, specifically, the law of temporal hierarchies and the second law of thermodynamics.

A novel treatment of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and the development of general thermomechanical constraints are introduced for a mixture of two elastic materials in which the constituents may have different temperatures. First, a homothermal quasi-static process at a common mixture temperature is introduced. Part I of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is invoked to assert that the Clausius integ...

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) bears great promises for the design and characterization of systems for which an approach based on field or laboratory data is impractical. Due to their large sizes and seasonal operation hot water seasonal storages (HWSHS) are suitable candidates for CFD-based design analysis. However, well-calibrated CFD models that sufficiently account for the turbulence an...

The puzzle of how time-reversible microscopic equations of mechanics lead to the time-irreversible macroscopic equations of thermodynamics has been a paradox since the days of Boltzmann. Boltzmann simply sidestepped this enigma by stating "as soon as one looks at bodies of such small dimension that they contain only very few molecules, the validity of this theorem [the second law of thermodynam...

This paper gives a historical account of the early years (1953– 1983) of extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT). The salient features of this formalism are to upgrade the thermodynamic fluxes of mass, momentum, energy, and others, to the status of independent variables, and to explore the consistency between generalized transport equations and a generalized version of the second law of ther...

Complex radiant enclosure problems are often best treated by calculating exchange factors through Monte Carlo simulation. Because of its inherent statistical nature, however, these exchange factor estimations contain random errors that cause violations of the reciprocity rule of exchange factors, and consequently the second law of thermodynamics. Heuristically adjusting a set of exchange factor...

A generally relativistic theory of thermodynamics is developed, based on four main physical principles: heat is a local form of energy, therefore described by a thermal energy tensor; conservation of heat, or the local first law, equivalent to conservation of mass; entropy is a local current; and non-destruction of entropy, or the local second law. A fluid is defined by the thermostatic energy ...

Stochastic thermodynamics provides a framework for describing small systems like colloids or biomolecules driven out of equilibrium but still in contact with a heat bath. Both, a first-law like energy balance involving exchanged heat and entropy production entering refinements of the second law can consistently be defined along single stochastic trajectories. Various exact relations involving t...