conclusions despite the complications of fixation with the dhs device, it remains the most successful for treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. background according to the existing literature, the dynamic hip screw (dhs) is the preferred standard for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. however, some surgeons use other devices such as the locking compression plate (lcp). objectives...

conclusions although external fixation in open pediatric fractures and severe injuries is recommended, intramedullary nailing is also an effective method with low complications. combining pins and flexible intramedullary nails is effective in developing more stability and is not associated with more complications. background tibial fractures are the third most common pediatric long-bone fractur...

background: surgical treatments for acromioclavicular (ac) joint dislocation present with some complications. the present study was designed to evaluate the double-button fixation system in the management of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation. methods: this cross sectional study, done between february 2011 to june 2014, consisted of 28 patients who underwent surgical management by the do...

conclusions we advocate that unream nailing in traumatic femoral shaft fractures is a simple, safe and effective procedure with significant advantages, especially in multitrauma patients. patients and methods between january 2008 and august 2009, 50 patients with femoral shaft fractures were treated with unreamed or reamed femoral nails in our clinic. from this prospective single centre study, ...

background femur fracture is one of the most common fractures in children. certain parameters such as the patient’s age, the exact location of fracture, type of fracture, the mechanism of fracture, and the accompanying injuries determine which one of the many treatment techniques be used in each case. objectives we aimed to compare the results of close and open techniques in pediatric femoral s...

ongoing climate change has been a major global challenge since the 1880s. sequestration of carbon(c) in rangelands ecosystems could provide a net carbon sink to offset increases in atmospheric c in global scale. this research is aimed at estimating the above-ground biomass carbon sequestration potential in iran. for this purpose, total rangelands area and productivity data were extracted from t...

Nitrogen fixation, the enzymatic conversion of atmospheric N (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3), is a microbially mediated process by which "new" N is supplied to N-deficient water bodies. Certain bloom-forming cyanobacterial species are capable of conducting N 2 fixation; hence, they are able to circumvent N limitation in these waters. However, this anaerobic process is highly sensitive to oxygen, and si...

Hot volcanic vents promote the thermal fixation of atmospheric N2 into biologically available forms. The importance of this process for the global nitrogen cycle is poorly understood. At Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, NO and NO2 are intimately associated with volcanic aerosol, such that NOx levels reach as much as an order of magnitude above local background. In-plume HNO3 concentrations are elevat...