nasonovia ribisnigri (mosely) is one of the most important pests of the lettuce plant and it was reported for the first time in ahvaz in 2008. in order to investigate the dominant species of its natural enemies and their population fluctuations, sample were taken arbitrarily from fifty plants twice a week during the growing season in 2010-2012. in this study, ten species of predators, three spe...

the seasonal abundance patterns of the cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover, in cotton fields at gorgan in northern iran were studied during two growing seasons of 2002 and 2003. the spatial distribution of different developmental stages and morphs of the aphid was described by fitting data to poisson (random) and negative binomial (aggregated) dis-tributions, and calculating the dispersion indi...

caspian sea is the largest enclosed body of water on the earth. since the collapse of soviet union in 1991 and discovering large oil and gas fields, some issues such as political, economic and environmental events, made the caspian sea important. the ecology of the sea are being endangered due to several issues such as petroleum extraction, river and sea pollutions, water level rise, biological...

statistical studies on palynology contents of late cretaceous to paleocene age gurpi formation in a surface section in zagros basin,sw iran indicate changes in abundance, species diversity, ratio of spiniferites to cyclonephelium (s/c), palynological marine index(pmi) values and organic facies. these palynological variations clearly reflect fluctuations in relative sea-level and depositionalenv...

in this paper a simple and effective expert system to predict random data fluctuation in short-term period is established. evaluation process includes introducing fourier series, markov chain model prediction and comparison (gray) combined with the model prediction gray- fourier- markov that the mixed results, to create an expert system predicted with artificial intelligence, made this model to...

Quantum fluctuation is introduced into the Markov random-field model for image restoration in the context of a Bayesian approach. We investigate the dependence of the quantum fluctuation on the quality of a black and white image restoration by making use of statistical mechanics. We find that the maximum posterior marginal (MPM) estimate based on the quantum fluctuation gives a fine restoration...