The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a Cerenkov detector composed of a spherical acrylic vessel filled with 1,000 metric tonness of ultra pure heavy water. It measures 12 m in diameter and is located about 2 km deep within a Canadian nickel mine. Even at this depth, cosmic rays penetrate the detector at a rate of roughly three per hour. Muons passing through the detector will interact with...

A major question for the study of phenotypic evolution is whether intra- and interspecific diversity originates directly from genetic variation, or instead, as plastic responses to environmental influences initially, followed later by genetic change. In species with discrete alternative phenotypes, evolutionary sequences can be inferred from transitions between environmental and genetic phenoty...