other hand the doctrine of the transfer of qualities during combustion and respiration led Galen to an answer which appeared quite satisfactory to him as a philosopher and scientist. .. The atomic doctrine was to lead to modem chemistry, whereas the doctrine of the qualities favored the rise of the 'science' of alchemy.' It should be noted that, in Galen's own time, the atomic doctrine was the ...

China’s military planners like to claim that in overall terms, the PLA is technologically inferior if compared with its potential adversaries. Such inferiority will continue in the foreseeable future, even though the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has made some progress in modernizing its weaponry in recent years. On the other hand, the strategic principles of the PLA have undergone a major shi...

Section I of this Note analyzes the cases in which the Commission and the Court of Justice have implied a doctrine of economic unity and argues that this economic unity exemption to the prohibitions of article 85 may indeed be a limited one. Section II sets forth the theoretical and practical difficulties that such a limited economic unity doctrine entails. Finally, section III presents an alte...

Psychologism in logic is the doctrine that the semantic content of logical terms is in some way a feature of human psychology. We consider the historically influential version of the doctrine, Psychological Individualism, and the many counter-arguments to it. We then propose and assess various modifications to the doctrine that might allow it to avoid the classical objections. We call these Psy...

Many researchers – and their advisors on research method – adopt a doctrine called empiricism, which claims that researchers may only use empirical methods. This restrictive doctrine impoverishes any academic discipline where it is dominant. The main reason is that a discipline only qualifies for the status of a science after it has progressed beyond empirical generalisations to explanatory the...

Though still barely known outside of Randian circles, the doctrine of the arbitrary assertion has come to occupy a prominent place in Objectivist epistemology. Ayn Rand’s disciple Leonard Peikoff is responsible for its only detailed presentation in print. The doctrine raises several philosophical questions. Does an epistemology firmly grounded in facts about human mental functioning, as Rand’s ...