Partial differential equation (PDE) models are commonly used to model complex dynamic systems in applied sciences such as biology and finance. The forms of these PDE models are usually proposed by experts based on their prior knowledge and understanding of the dynamic system. Parameters in PDE models often have interesting scientific interpretations, but their values are often unknown, and need...

While the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is incompletely understood, chronic inflammation is a major factor. In fact, the inflammatory response is abnormal, with CD8+ T-cells, CD68+ macrophages, and neutrophils predominating in the conducting airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Elevated levels of the second messenger cAMP can inhibit some inflammat...

Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a diffusible messenger in the central nervous system and elsewhere, exerting many of it physiological effects by activating soluble guanylyl cyclase, so increasing cellular cGMP levels. Hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides is achieved by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) but the enzyme isoforms responsible for degrading cGMP in most cells have not been identified. We have dev...

PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are important therapeutic agents, but their effects on photoreceptor PDE (PDE6) and photoreceptor cells are poorly understood. The potency and selectivity of various classes of PDE inhibitors on purified rod and cone PDE6 and on intact rod outer segments (ROS) were characterized. METHODS The inhibition constant (K(i)) of isozyme-selective PDE inhibit...

Although expression of natriuretic peptides in cardiac tissues is up-regulated in response to pressure overload, no significant change in cGMP level in hypertrophied ventricles was observed. Activities of two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms, Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated PDE (PDE1) and cGMP-stimulated PDE (PDE2), were significantly higher in rat left ventricles 14 days after aor...

An experimental study on pulse detonation engine (PDE) is conducted using hydrogen/air mixtures. Several key issues for PDE development, including valve operation, injection, mixing, filling, cycle repetition, ignition timing, DDT distance and propagation of detonation/quasi-detonation, are investigated. The fuel and oxidizer are injected into PDE from opposite sidewall directions to be well mi...

The population density equation (PDE) has generated considerable interest, recently. The PDE allows e.cient simulation of populations with a large number of neurons. We apply the PDE to an existing model of delay activity, which produces stationary 1ring rates for delay assemblies. In order to observe transient phenomena, we apply the PDE to this model. Here we present the preliminary results. ...

Based on recent studies by Guy Jumarie [1] which defines probability density of fractional order and fractional moments by using fractional calculus (fractional derivatives and fractional integration), this study expands the concept of probability density of fractional order by defining the fractional probability measure, which leads to a fractional probability theory parallel to the classical ...

The Personal Distributed Environment (PDE) is a new concept arising in personal communications beyond 3G (B3G). This paper briefly describes the environment, surveys the protocols available to provide PDE authentication, and assesses their suitability for adaptation to the PDE.

Ventricular muscle contains a low Km, cyclic AMP-specific form of phosphodiesterase (PDE III), which is believed to represent the site of action for several of new cardiotonic agents including imazodan (CI-914), amrinone, cilostamide, and enoximone. However, species differences in the inotropic response to these agents have raised questions about the relationship between PDE III inhibition and ...