This review illuminates key findings in our understanding of grapevine xylem resistance to fungal vascular wilt diseases. Grapevine (Vitis spp.) vascular diseases such as esca, botryosphaeria dieback, and eutypa dieback, are caused by a set of taxonomically unrelated ascomycete fungi. Fungal colonization of the vascular system leads to a decline of the plant host because of a loss of the xylem ...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, important plant mutualists, provide plants with nutrients such as phosphorus (P) in return for carbon. AM fungi also enhance the attractiveness of plants to aphids via effects on emissions of plant volatiles used in aphid host location. We tested whether increased P uptake by plants is the mechanism through which AM fungi alter the volatile profile of plants a...

Endophyte microorganisms are organisms that live inside plants without causing any apparent damage to their hosts. Since all plants exhibit endophyte microorganisms, it is believed that mutual association is of great importance in nature. Luehea divaricata (Martius & Zuccarini), known popularly in Brazil as agoita-cavalo, is a big-sized tree with a wide distribution in the country that possesse...

These studies demonstrate that pathogenic fungi (dermatophytic, subcutaneous, and systemic) have the ability to produce eicosanoids both from simple metabolites and from arachidonic acid. Host-derived eicosanoids have been previously demonstrated to enhance fungal colonization and atopic disease development. Thus, fungus-derived eicosanoids represent a potential class of novel virulence factors.

Phosphorus and nitrogen are essential nutrient elements that are needed by plants in large amounts. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and soil fungi improves phosphorus and nitrogen acquisition under limiting conditions. On the other hand, these nutrients influence root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic functioning. This represents a feedback mechanism that allow...

Strigolactones released from plant roots trigger both seed germination of parasitic weeds such as Striga spp. and hyphal branching of the symbionts arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Generally, strigolactone composition in exudates is quantitatively and qualitatively different among plants, which may be involved in susceptibility and host specificity in the parasite-plant interactions. We hypot...

The mycorrhizal status of plants in the Chenopodiaceae is not well studied with a few controversial reports. This study examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and growth response of Ceratocarpus arenarius in the field and a greenhouse inoculation trial. The colonization rate of AM fungi in C. arenarius in in-growth field cores was low (around 15%). Vesicles and intraradical hyphae we...

for many years, it was thought that nasal polyps are small tumors of the nasal or sinus mucosa. however, it is now believed that nasal polyps are formed as a result of frequent local swelling of nasal or sinus mucosa, which enlarge by increasing sub-mucosal edema and then expose to the air pipe and cause some symptoms. however, the main cause of polyp formation is not exactly understood. the pr...

this study was conducted to determine the combined effects of salicylic acid (sa) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) (glomus mosseae) symbiosis on the growth of pistachio seedlings (pistacia vera ‘abareqi’) grown in the greenhouse under different drought stress (ds) levels. the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) colonization or exogenous sa treatment could increase ‘abareqi’ pistachio seedl...

gerbera jamesoniiis of commercial significance and fifth most used cut flower in the world today. a pot experiment was performed to see the effect of co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) i.e. (glomus mosseae andacaulospora laevis) with phosphate solubilizing bacteria pseudomonas fluorescensin the presence of different doses of superphosphate (low, medium, high) on growth establi...