Acid proteins capable of nucleating Ca2+ and displaying aggregation capacity play key 13 roles in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals. EF-hands are among the largest 14 Ca2+-binding motif in proteins. Gad m 1, an Atlantic cod β-parvalbumin isoform, is a monomeric 15 EF-hand protein that acts as a Ca2+ buffer in fish muscle and is able to form amyloids under acidic 16 conditions. Sinc...

GAD is a pancreatic beta-cell autoantigen in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Modulation of GAD expression in pancreatic beta-cells has been suggested to be associated with the development of autoimmune diabetes. Hormonal changes through environmental stimuli are considered to influence the expression of the disease. We determined whether steroid hormones would modulate the expression o...

Sir, The comprehensive analysis of striatal cannabinoid receptors in Huntington’s disease by Blázquez et al., 2011 raises some important issues of methodology. One major part of the study is the effect of CB1 receptor activation by -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Huntington’s disease neuropathy. To do this, the authors compare tissue derived from R6/2 mice treated either with THC or vehicle only...

A 52-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis. On admission, Hb(A1c) was 6.5%, anti-GAD antibody 10.3 U/ml, serum amylase 144 IU/l, lipase 169 U/l and elastase-I 1,000 ng/dl. There were no abdominal symptoms, and abdominal CT showed unremarkable findings. He was treated with intensive insulin therapy. After 1 month, urinary excretion of C-peptide was 3.8 microg/day. S...

cDNA clone for general acyl CoA dehydrogenase (GAD) was isolated from a rat liver cDNA expression library in lambda gt11 using anti-pig kidney GAD antibody. Size of the isolated cDNA was estimated to be 1.5-1.6 kb. By immunological analysis of fusion protein and epitope selection, the cDNA clone was identified as that containing the GAD gene. Partial amino acid sequence deduced from nucleotide ...

BACKGROUND Dopamine depletion of the striatum is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The loss of dopamine upregulates GAD67 expression in the striatal projection neurons and causes other changes in the activity of the basal ganglia circuit. METHODS To normalize the GAD67 expression in the striatum after dopamine depletion, we developed several lentiviral vectors that express RNA inte...

BACKGROUND Genome analysis indicated that the new species Brucella microti possesses a potentially functional glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system involved in extreme acid resistance in several foodborne bacteria. The contribution of this system in adaptation of B. microti to an acidic environment, including the intracellular vacuole and stomach, was investigated. RESULTS B. microti was GAD p...

Escherichia coli can survive extreme acid stress for several hours. The most efficient acid resistance system is based on glutamate decarboxylation by the GadA and GadB decarboxylases and the import of glutamate via the GadC membrane protein. The expression of the corresponding genes is controlled by GadE, the central activator of glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR). We have previously s...

This 3-year prospective study enrolled 95 subjects from15 Chinese cities including 25 high-titer (GADA ‡180 units/mL) LADA patients, 42 low-titer (GADA <180 units/mL) LADA patients, and 28 type 2 diabetic patients, the latter two groups as controls of similar age, sex, andBMI. Clinical characteristicswere determined annually, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting C-peptide (FCP), a...

Pancreatic islet autoimmunity leading to type 1 diabetes could be triggered by viruses in genetically susceptible individuals. Rotavirus (RV), the most common cause of childhood gastroenteritis, contains peptide sequences highly similar to T-cell epitopes in the islet autoantigens GAD and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (IA-2), suggesting T-cells to RV could trigger islet autoimmunity by molecular mi...