West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and human neuropathogen. Since the virus was recognized in New York City in 1999, it has spread rapidly across the United States, with human disease documented in 39 states and the District of Columbia. West Nile virus can cause a broad range of clinical syndromes, including fever, meningitis, encephalitis, and a flaccid paralysis characteristic of...

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and BoHV-5 are closely related pathogens of cattle, but only BoHV-5 is considered a neuropathogen. We engineered intertypic gD exchange mutants with BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 backbones in order to address their in vitro and in vivo host ranges, with particular interest in invasion of the brain. The new viruses replicated in cell culture with similar dynamics and to titers ...

background: heat stress is a common and usual problem in industries. several indices, including wet bulb globe temperature (wbgt), are used to evaluate heat stress. however, wbgt index has limitations such as high cost and response time. it is not thus suitable as a screening tool. heat strain scoring index (hssi) is also an observational-judgmental technique that has been developed for primary...

Sandifer syndrome (SS), a movement disorder which is characterised by spasmodic torsional dystonia with back arching and rigid opisthotonic posturing, negatively impacting predominantly the neck, back, upper extremities. Symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, or presence of hiatal hernia are all associated syndrome. The cause being uncertain, lifestyle adjustments modificati...

Cytomegalic inclusion disease is a common complication in recipients of organ transplants. In renal transplant recipients, the disease involves the lungs more often than it does the gastrointestinal tract. We report on a recipient of a cadaveric kidney who had cytomegalic inclusion disease that involved both the upper and lower gastro-intestinal tract, and massive gastro-intestinal bleeding tha...

Using five non-invasive tests, abnormalities of cardiovascular reflex function were found in 20 of 50 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Abnormalities of pupil cycle time, an index of non-vagal parasympathetic function, were found in only a few patients, implying that the cardiovascular abnormalities observed were not part of a generalised parasympathetic defect. The findings are consiste...

Gastro-gastric fistula is a communication between the gastric remnant and gastric pouch. It is a rare complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. It is caused by anastomotic leak, marginal ulcers, distal obstruction or erosion from foreign body. In this case report, we are presenting a successful laparoscopic repair of gastro-gastric fistula in a patient who presented with weight gain after initi...

Gastro Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) is a chronic and relapsing disease, defined as "Failure of antireflux barrier, allowing reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus".1 According to the Genval Workshop, this term should be used to include all individuals who are exposed to the risk of physical complications from Gastro-esophageal reflux or who experience clinically significant impairme...

A case of gastro-duodenal Crohn's disease was preSented, in whom there was also intestinal and colonic lnvolvement. He subsequently underwent a partial gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis, dissecting the lrst 18ins of jejunum, which was macroscopically involved with Crohn's disease and post-operatively fared very well. As this was an unusual case and gastrou?denal Crohn's disease is relative...