Bryophyllum pinnatum belongs to the family crassulaceae and is widely used in traditional medicine, especially tropical areas. In present study, extract yield phytochemical constituents of chloroform extracts leave prepared using two most commonly extraction techniques known as cold maceration, soxhlet was investigated. Analysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) done on extracted mat...

Atmospheric radiation budgets are strongly affected by the horizontal and vertical distributions of cloud systems. With the horizontal resolution of several hundred kilometers in general circulation models (GCMs), parameterization of cloud vertical overlap and horizontal inhomogeneity in radiation schemes has long been a major challenge for climate simulations (Stephens 1984; Stephens et al. 20...

[1] In this paper, we demonstrate a global scale southward shift of the tropical rain belt during the latter half of the 20th century in observations and global climate models (GCMs). In rain gauge data, the southward shift maximizes in the 1980s and is associated with signals in Africa, Asia, and South America. A southward shift exists at a similar time in nearly all CMIP3 and CMIP5 historical...

Uncertainties associated with the representation of various physical processes in global climate models (GCMs) mean that, when projections from GCMs are used in climate change impact studies, the uncertainty propagates through to the impact estimates. A complete treatment of this 'climate model structural uncertainty' is necessary so that decision-makers are presented with an uncertainty range ...

[1] Bacastow [1996], Broecker et al. [1999], and Archer et al. [2000] have called attention recently to the fact that box models and general circulation models (GCMs) represent the thermal partitioning of CO2 between the warm surface ocean and cold deep ocean in different ways. They attribute these differences to mixing and circulation effects in GCMs that are not resolved in box models. The me...

Radiation parameterizations in GCMs are more accurate than their predecessorsErrors in estimates of 4 ×CO2 forcing are large, especially for solar radiationErrors depend on atmospheric state, so global mean error is unknown.

Climate factors influence the transmission of dengue fever, the world's most widespread vector-borne virus. We examined the potential added risk posed by global climate change on dengue transmission using computer-based simulation analysis to link temperature output from three climate general circulation models (GCMs) to a dengue vectorial capacity equation. Our outcome measure, epidemic potent...