One of the major concerns of electric utilities in installing geothermal power plants is not only the longevity of the steam supply, but also the potential for changes in thermodynamic properties of the resource that might reduce the conversion efficiency of the design plant equipment. Production was initiated at Los Azufres geothermal field with wellhead generators not only to obtain electric ...

The problem of hazardous chemicals in geothermal fluid is a critical environmental concern energy developments. Boron among the contaminants reported to be present at high concentrations fluids various countries. Poor management and inadequate treatment can release excessive boron environment that has toxic effects on plants, humans, animals. Despite importance fluid, limited fragmented resourc...

This paper describes a first version of a simulation model of the electrical energy system for the German federal state Bavaria in order to analyse its energy balance during the nuclear phaseout and the increase of renewable energy sources as well as energy storage capacities. According to current plans, in ten years 50 percent of the Bavarian electric power consumption should be covered by ren...

Geothermal energy, solar energy and obtained from wind are huge amounts of that ecologically clean, sustainable renewable, but they untapped potential. The paper will compare several characteristics the mentioned renewable sources, with an emphasis on geothermal which is least represented. Possible modeled capacities plant efficiency, CO₂ emissions, sustainability ranking, ranking evaluations d...

Use of CO2 as heat transmission fluid to extract geothermal energy is currently considered as a way to achieve CO2 resource utilization and geological sequestration. As a novel heat transmission fluid, the thermophysical property of CO2 is quite different from water. It has many advantages, such as larger mobility and buoyancy resulted from the lower density and viscosity. This will reduce the ...

In order to achieve both power and cooling supply for users, a new combined cooling and power system using ammonia–water mixture is proposed to utilizing low grade heat sources, such as industrial waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy. The proposed system combines a Kalina cycle and an ammonia–water absorption refrigeration cycle, in which the ammonia–water turbine exhaust is delivered...

Photosynthesis is the utilization of radiant energy for the synthesis of complex organic molecules. The phototrophic way of life implies the capture of electromagnetic energy (see Light absorption and light energy transfer in prokaryotes), its conversion into chemical energy (see Conversion of light into chemical energy), and its use for cellular maintenance and growth (see Efficiency of growth...

Due to the growth in demand for shallow geothermal energy, the development of an integrated management system to organize the exploitation of this resource is mandatory to protect both groundwater and the users’ rights. This paper proposes a methodology to establish a market of shallow geothermal energy use rights which will represent an advance in the management of this resource. The new conce...

This paper is an update of an earlier supply analysis, He, et al., (2013), of low-temperature utilization of geothermal resources using geothermal district heating and cooling systems. Along with the use of identified hydrothermal resources, it updates the supply curve for direct-use utilization using undiscovered hydrothermal resources and near-hydrothermal EGS resources. It also incorporates ...

Geothermal Heat Pumps, or Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP), are systems combining a heat pump with a ground heat exchanger (closed loop systems), or fed by ground water from a well (open loop systems). They use the earth as a heat source when operating in heating mode, with a fluid (usually water or a water-antifreeze-mixture) as the media transferring the heat from the earth to the evaporator o...