Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from five sites in the Neversink Reservoir Watershed in Sullivan County, New York: Aden Brook, Biscuit Brook, Main Branch, Tison and Winnisook, and examined for gill abnormalities. The Neversink Reservoir is part of the New York City water supply system and is located in the Catskill Mountains. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations were measure...

The relationships of resting metabolism per unit mass of body to gill and body surface areas were examined by measuring gill, body surface and fin areas of carp ranging from 0-0016 to 2250g. There was a triphasic allometry for the relationship between gill area and body mass: during the prelarval (0-0016-0-003 g) and postlarval (0-003-0-2g) stages there was a positive allometry (slopes of 7-066...

In teleostean fish, ventilation increases have been observed in response to low dissolved oxygen levels, visual stimuli, and gustatory cues. However, olfactory sensory input may also stimulate gill ventilation rate. We investigated whether olfactory sensory input mediates gill ventilation responses, as suggested by the observation that steroidal compounds detected by the olfactory system elicit...

A modified Cholesky factorization algorithm introduced originally by Gill and Murray and refined by Gill, Murray and Wright, is used extensively in optimization algorithms. Since its introduction in 1990, a different modified Cholesky factorization of Schnabel and Eskow has also gained widespread usage. Compared with the Gill-Murray-Wright algorithm, the Schnabel-Eskow algorithm has a smaller a...

The transition from aquatic to aerial respiration is associated with dramatic physiological changes in relation to gas exchange, ion regulation, acid-base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion. Arapaima gigas is one of the most obligate extant air-breathing fishes, representing a remarkable model system to investigate (1) how the transition from aquatic to aerial respiration affects gill desi...

The main objective of the study was to use a species comparison approach in order to understand sensitivity and tolerance differences to copper. We hypothesized that species differences in toxicity would be reflected by differences in copper binding to high-affinity sites on the gill. Specifically, the strength of copper binding (affinity, logK) and maximum number of binding sites (saturation, ...

Epitheliocystis, a disease characterised by cytoplasmic bacterial inclusions (cysts) in the gill and less commonly skin epithelial cells, has been reported in many marine and freshwater fish species and may be associated with mortality. Previously, molecular and ultrastructural analyses have exclusively associated members of the Chlamydiae with such inclusions. Here we investigated a population...

Direct mass spectrometric analysis of animal tissues is an emerging field enabled by recent developments in ambient ion sources. Label-free in situ analysis of metabolites, lipids, and peptides/proteins from intact tissues in whole fish specimens of different gender and age were performed by laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Hypertrophied glandular tissue (g...

An articulated endoskeleton that is calcified is a unifying innovation of the vertebrates, however the molecular basis of the structural divergence between terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, such as teleost fish, has not been determined. In the present study long-read next generation sequencing (NGS, Roche 454 platform) was used to characterize acellular perichondral bone (vertebrae) and chon...

A basic question in neuroscience is how different forms of learning are related. To further address that question, we examined whether gill withdrawal in Aplysia, which has already been studied extensively for neuronal mechanisms contributing to habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning, also undergoes operant conditioning. Animals were run in pairs. During the initial training per...