Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. The fundamental concepts of neutrosophic set, introduced by Smarandache in [30, 31, 32] and Salama et al. in [4-29]. In Geographical information systems (GIS) there is a need to model spatial regions with indeterminate boundary and under indeterminacy. In this paper the structure of some cl...

Many decision tasks in disaster management are concerned with spatial patterns and spatial decision problems often require that a large number of feasible alternatives be evaluated based on multiple criteria. Although Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide extensive spatial analysis and data visualization power to users, such systems offer a limited capacity for tackling complex spatial...

Transitional economies with large geographical areas (such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China) represent both a challenge and an opportunity for the creation of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). Setting up an SDI in transitional economies is critically dependent on the diffusion of geographical information systems technology in public and private institutions. We use Rogers’ diffusion of inn...

INTRODUCTION Geographic information systems (GIS) have evolved over the past four decades to provide a unique lens on the Earth’s surface and near-surface – a lens that is increasingly important in a wide range of tasks associated with geographic information, from simple inventory and map-making to analysis, modeling, and spatial decision support. The power of the lens has grown steadily as its...

In this project we are presenting a grammar which unify the design and development of spatial databases. In order to make it, we combine nominal and spatial information, the former is represented by the relational model and latter by a modification of the same model. The modification lets to represent spatial data structures (as Quadtrees, Octrees, etc.) in a integrated way. This grammar is imp...

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have not yet been widely introduced to secondary school geography education in Finland. However, in the outline of the new national curriculum for upper secondary schools, GIS is incorporated into the elective, advanced geography course. The Finnish universities will therefore face new challenges in reconstructing their degree requirements for geography te...

Despite the progress in critical geographic information systems (GIS) research in recent years [1], geographical discourse is still dominated by dualist thinking that understands GIS largely as a tool for quantitative or empiricist spatial analysis. This dualist understanding of geographical methods—which was partly fuelled by the erce polemics between critical geographers and GIS users/researc...

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are special class of information systems which combine spatial and non-spatial within a single system. It is type system that collects, stores, retrieves, analyzes displays geographically referenced attribute data simultaneously. GIS decision tool helps makers facilitate making process. The usage for land problems began about 1960s, but application it to s...