In this paper we present a Gentzen system for reasoning with contraryto-duty obligations. The intuition behind the system is that a contraryto-duty is a special kind of normative exception. The logical machinery to formalize this idea is taken from substructural logics and it is based on the definition of a new non-classical connective capturing the notion of reparational obligation. Then the s...

performance of contract in many situations is not possible without cooperation from the side of the obligee, and he/she has a duty to do all acts which are necessary to make enable the obligor for contract performance. for example, the execution of medical contract depends on patient’s cooperation. all items of such duty are not capable to cite in different kinds of contracts and in some cases ...

[1] The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on board NASA’s Aura satellite (to be launched in 2004) will provide measurements of global distributions of ozone, CO, and other key chemical species in the troposphere. In order for TES to meet a design lifetime of 5 years, it has been determined that a global survey strategy with 50% duty cycle must be identified. In this study, simulated conc...

This paper provides an examination of the ethics of disease eradication policies. It examines three arguments that have been advanced for thinking that eradication is in some way ethically exceptional as a policy goal. These are (1) global eradication has symbolic importance, (2) disease eradication is a global public good and (3) disease eradication is a form of rescue. It argues that none of ...

Global Positioning System (GPS) tags are nowadays widely used in wildlife tracking. This geolocation technique can suffer from fix loss biases due to poor satellite GPS geometry, that result in tracking data gaps leading to wrong research conclusions. In addition, new solar-powered GPS tags deployed on birds can suffer from a new "battery drain bias" currently ignored in movement ecology analys...

During locomotion up an incline, power is required to elevate the centre of mass. This is provided when the animal's limbs are in contact with the ground. Measurements of stride timing variables from multiple limbs during high speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding of locomotor powering during changes in terrain. This study measured foot-on and foot-off times from gallopi...

BACKGROUND Little is known about health and health behavior differences among military service veterans, active duty service members, National Guard/Reserve members, and civilians. Several important differences were identified among U.S. women from these subpopulations; to identify areas for targeted intervention, studies comparing men from these subpopulations are needed. PURPOSE To compare ...

the recently approved Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Common Program Requirements including new Standards for Resident Supervision and Duty Hours will take effect July, 2011. These new requirements revise the initial regulations implemented by the ACGME in 2003 and respond in part to recommendations set forth by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2008. The changes a...

Background: The night duty is identified as an opportunity for extending students’ experiences that would not normally exist during the day. Third and fourth year nursing students in the Bachelor of Nursing (clinical) honors programmed are allowed to do night duty. Despite that, the learning opportunities available and challenges experienced during night duty are not known. Objective: The objec...

Under what conditions, if any, do those the law addresses have a moral duty or obligation to obey it simply because it is the law? Political and legal theorists since Plato have developed a wide range of answers to this question, as well as numerous objections to those answers. This essay aims primarily to provide the newcomer with a point of entry into the debate over the existence and grounds...