Abstract Analyzing 118 countries between 1960 and 2016, we find that higher temperatures correlate with urbanization rates in the long run, where this relationship is much more pronounced than any short-term linkage. The long-run global warming also conditional upon country-specific conditions. This association especially relevant poorer agriculture-dependent an urban bias as well initially non...

For a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  and also excessive use of fossilized energies in the world. problems such as global warming, increasingly developing of green house gases in atmosphere that its origin  is  in global warming , air and soil  pollution, an...

We describe soft versions of the global cardinality constraint and the regular constraint, with efficient filtering algorithms maintaining domain consistency. For both constraints, the softening is achieved by augmenting the underlying graph. The softened constraints can be used to extend the meta-constraint framework for over-constrained problems proposed by Petit, Régin and Bessière.