Background: Dietary-free L -glutamate (Glu) in the stomach interacts with specific Glu receptors (T1R1/T1R3 and mGluR1–8) expressed on surface epithelial and gastric gland cells. Furthermore, luminal Glu activates the vagal afferents in the stomach through the paracrine cascade including nitric oxide and serotonin (5-HT). Aim: To elucidate the role of dietary Glu in neuroendocrine control of th...

Psychological stress exacerbates interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a lower urinary tract pain disorder characterized by increased urinary frequency and bladder pain. Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter modulating nociceptive networks. Glt1, an astrocytic transporter responsible for Glu clearance, is critical in pain signaling termination. We sought to ...

BACKGROUND The brain levels of glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) are partially regulated through the Glu-Gln cycle. Astrocytes play a role in regulating the Glu-Gln cycle, and loss of astrocytes has been associated with depressive disorders. We hypothesized that levels of Glu and Gln would be affected by astrocyte loss and dysregulation of the Glu-Gln cycle and that depressive-like behaviours...

Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs; mGluR4, 6, 7, and 8) couple to the Galpha(i/o)-containing G protein heterotrimers and act as autoreceptors to regulate glutamate release, probably by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Although most mGluRs have been functionally expressed in a variety of systems, few studies have demonstrated robust coupling of mGluR8 to downstream effe...

Introduction. Hydrogen turnover as detected by C NMR allows for the investigation of H-H exchange of the different hydrogens of C labelled glutamate isotopomers. We develop this approach to be able to investigate trafficking of various [C,H] labeled isotopomers, including lactate (lac) and glutamate (glu), between different cellular and subcellular compartments in cell cultures, perfused liver ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the protective effects of puerarine (Pur) against cerebral ischemia is associated with depressing the extracellular levels of amino acid transmitters in brain of rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. Pur (50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered at the on...

1. Serotonin (5-HT) facilitates the connections between sensory and motor neurons in Aplysia during behavioural sensitization. The effect of 5-HT on sensorimotor synapses is believed to be primarily presynaptic. Here we tested whether 5-HT can have an exclusively postsynaptic facilitatory effect. 2. Siphon motor neurons were individually dissociated from the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia and pl...

Abstract The dynamic interactions between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate (POM) are central in nutrient cycling freshwater ecosystems. However, the molecular-level mechanisms of such still poorly defined. Here, we study spatial differences chemical (i.e., individual proteinaceous amino acids) microbial 16S rRNA) composition suspended sediments River Chew, UK. We then applied a co...

We report changes in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) concentrations evoked by the microinjection of l-glutamate (l-glu) into the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of unanesthetized rats, as well as which local mechanisms are involved in their mediation. l-Glu microinjection (10 nmol/100 nl) into the SON increased the circulating levels o...

Recent animal experiments suggest that transplanted neurons become integrated with the host brain. Neuroanatomical studies have shown that transplanted dopaminergic neurons can form synaptic connections on target cells in the host striatum. Other studies also have shown that grafted neurons not only innervate the host striatum but also receive afferent inputs from neurons of the host. However, ...