We study how political institutions affected the decision of countries to adhere classical gold standard. Using a variety econometric techniques and controlling for wide range relevant economic factors, we find that probability adherence standard before World War I was ceteris paribus lower which were more democratic. This effect can be linked open process different segments population extent c...

The main standard method for gold karat determination is the cupellation method. However, this method is not sufficiently accurate to determine gold karat in the presence of insoluble Platinum–Group Metals (PGMs), such as Ir, Ru, and Rh. In this study, for the first time, a complementary method that can be used coupled with the reference cupellation method is presented for the high...