Background: The role that stress plays in infertility remains controversial and despite medical advances a large percentage of infertility remains unexplained. Clinicians and researchers consistently report that infertile women view infertility and its treatment as extremely stressful. Basic science has elucidated the linkages between the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and hypothalamic-pitui...

Growth is impaired in a chronic renal failure. Anemia, acidosis, reduced intake of calories and protein, decreased synthesis of vitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels, hyperphosphatemia, renal osteodystrophy and changes in growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor and the gonadotropin-gonadal axis are implicated in this study. Growth is adversely affected by immunosuppressives and c...

s: 1. Dinesh Lakhanpal and Gurcharan Kaur (2011). Valproic acid mediates disruption in hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadal axis by upregulating GAD65 and GAD67. A01493 8 th IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience, International Brain Research Organisation, Florence, Italy. 2. Dinesh Lakhanpal and Gurcharan Kaur (2009). Effect of Chronic Valproic Acid Treatment on neuro-glial plasticity in female rats. ...

Debilitating chronic nonmalignant pain is often managed using opioid medications. However, with increased use of this drug class comes concern about adverse effects on patients' endocrine function. In the present review, the authors discuss opioid-induced interference with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, effects on adrenal androgen production, and endocrine deficiency. In addition, the...

background: the hormones of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis have facilitative effects on reproductive behavior in mammals. ghrelin as a starvation hormone has an inhibitory effect on hpg axis’ function. hence, it is postulated that ghrelin may reduce the sexual behavior through inhibiting of hpg axis. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of ghrelin and its antagonist, [d-ly...

In birds, seasonal reproduction is regulated by day length, with long days in the spring activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive behaviors. The photoreceptors mediating this process remain unknown, but recently, the premammillary nucleus (PMM) of the hypothalamus has been implicated as the site of photoperiodic signaling in turkeys. We performed electrolytic lesions ...

Leptin, as a key hormone in energy homeostasis, regulates neuroendocrine function, including reproduction. It has a permissive role in the initiation of puberty and maintenance of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This is notable in patients with either congenital or acquired leptin deficiency from a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Hypothalamic amenorrhea is the best-studied, with...

BACKGROUND Few data are available on quarterly 11.25 mg GnRH analog treatment in central precocious puberty (CPP). AIM To assess the efficacy of triptorelin 11.25 mg in children with CPP. PATIENTS 17 patients (16 females) with CPP (7.9 ± 0.9 years) were treated with triptorelin 11.25 mg/90 days. METHODS Gonadotropins, basal-, and GnRH-stimulated peak, gonadal steroids, and pubertal signs ...

Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol-17 beta and testosterone were determined in adult rats that were treated in the neonatal period with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) which has previously been shown to reliably produce destruction of arcuate nucleus perikarya. MSG-treated males had significantly smaller accessory sexual organs (semin...

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays crucial roles in sexual differentiation and gonadal functions. However, the possible extragonadal effects of AMH on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that a significant subset of GnRH neurons both in mice and humans express the AMH receptor, and that AMH potently activates the GnRH neuron firing in mice. Combining i...