China’s current fiscal system is largely decentralized while its governance structure is rather centralized with strong top-down mandates and a homogenous governance structure. Due to large differences in initial economic structures and revenue bases, the implicit tax rate and fiscal burdens to support the functioning of local government vary significantly across jurisdictions. Regions initiall...

In 2003, the Mexican government took a step toward greater parity in its health system. The stubbornly fragmented health sector remains fragmented, but a new health insurance program to fund basic preventive and curative services was created to cover nearly half of the population which had previously been without effective insurance coverage. The “Seguro Popular,” (SP) the medical care componen...

A funeral is a costly occasion. This paper studies indigenous insurance institutions developed to cope with the high costs of funerals, based on evidence from rural areas in Tanzania and Ethiopia. These institutions are based on well-defined rules and regulations, often offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses. Increasingly, they are also offering other forms of insurance and credi...

Inequity in health care access is a major cause of increasing disease burden, catastrophic medical expenses, and inability to escape poverty, especially in the developing world [1–6]. Government programs to effect disease surveillance and treatment do exist, such as for tuberculosis, yet proper implementation is often lacking, especially in rural regions [1,5–7]. The foremost limitation is a re...

Bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt remains 1 of the most serious threats to health. The perceptions regarding meningitis in local populations and the cost of illness for households are not well described. We conducted an anthropologic and economic study in Burkina Faso, in the heart of the meningitis belt. Respondents reported combining traditional and modern beliefs regarding ...

This paper aims to offer new evidence as how sub-related party transactions (RPTs) can be related corporate governance for Indonesia's business group. We address an ongoing theoretical tension and some recent research in the RPTs literature by focusing on revenue, expenses, loans, receivables. Business groups are classified size or market capitalization. examines whether group relate with domes...