BACKGROUND Although facial cleanliness is part of the SAFE strategy for trachoma there is controversy over the reliability of measuring a clean face. A child's face with no ocular and nasal discharge is clean and the endpoint of interest, regardless of the number of times it must be washed to achieve that endpoint. The issue of reliability rests on the reproducibility of graders to assess a cle...

Recent studies have proposed that rapid-speaking durations predict short-term memory spans. However, N. Cowan et al. (1998, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 141-160) found two separate types of processing durations related to digit span for children in Grade 1 (7-8 years), Grade 3 (9-10 years), and Grade 5 (11-12 years): rapid-speaking durations (thought to index the rate of co...

Objective: This study aimed to examine the sleep patterns, sleep habits, and sleep problems in Japanese elementary school children from the aspect of their developmental age. Methods: The Japanese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-J) was distributed to the parents of 330 students of which 296 (154 boys and 142 girls) questionnaires were returned. The subjects were divid...

We evaluated the usefulness of 11 formulas for correcting the QT interval in children, including the square root, cubic root, logarithmic, linear, exponential, and inverse formulas using the Mean-squared residual (MSR) values and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) in 8,086 first-graders, 9,989 seventh-graders, and 5,786 tenth-graders. The subjects were divided into six groups according to age a...

A program to develop instructional materials for implementing marine and aquatic education in Ohio middle schools was begun by Ohio Sea Grant in 1977. This was followed 3 years later by a grant to disseminate the materials to schools in Ohio. To determine the effectiveness of the dissemination process a baseline study was conducted in the autumn of 1980. The survey obtained information on attit...

This study is interested in understanding curriculum as an international text and evaluating the connections between junior high school students’ global knowledge and attitudes and the required national curriculum in Taiwan. The study also examines whether the global knowledge and attitudes vary by demographic variables. By using the Global Knowledge Scale and Global Attitudes Scale, data were ...

Although there is consensus that adult readers have fast access to abstract letter/word representations, the developmental trajectory of such access has not been mapped out yet. To examine whether developmental readers have rapid access to abstract representations during the early stages of word processing, we conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with two groups of young reade...

We examined the brain activity underlying the development of our understanding of negative numbers, which are amounts lacking direct physical counterparts. Children performed a paired comparison task with positive and negative numbers during an fMRI session. As previously shown in adults, both pre-instruction fifth-graders and post-instruction seventh-graders demonstrated typical behavioral and...

OBJECTIVE No method of grading visual field (VF) defects has been widely accepted throughout the glaucoma community. The SCHEIE (Systematic Classification of Humphrey visual fields-Easy Interpretation and Evaluation) grading system for glaucomatous visual fields was created to convey qualitative and quantitative information regarding visual field defects in an objective, reproducible, and easil...

To investigate school-age children's perspectives on food and nutrition, we pilot tested a method to quantify analyze crayon drawings collected from students in health education classes at two elementary schools Fukushima, Japan. Included were 28 mixed class of first second graders 26 fourth-grade class. Specific foods, general shapes, color choices entered into spreadsheet analyzed quantitativ...