Physostigmine can potentiate and inhibit neuronal nicotinic receptors, in addition to inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase. We found that receptors containing three copies of the α2 subunit are inhibited by low concentrations of physostigmine in contrast to receptors containing three copies of the α4 subunit that are potentiated. We exploited this observation to determine the regions...

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. pISSN 1226-3303 eISSN 2005-664...

Several mathematical tools have been developed in recent years to analyze new particle formation rates and to estimate nucleation rates and mechanisms at sub-3 nm sizes from atmospheric aerosol data. Here we evaluate these analysis tools using 1239 numerical nucleation events for which the nucleation mechanism and formation rates were known exactly. The accuracy of the estimates of particle for...

We have synthesized the information on marine and lirnnetic bacterial biomass carbon (BOC) and phytoplankton biomass carbon (PhytoC) to examine the relationships between these major biotic carbon pools. On the basis of 6 limnetic and 6 marine studies we found a good similarity for the correlations of BOC vs PhytoC in both systems although the slope was substantially lower than for sim~lar corre...

Comparative Effectiveness of Bevacizumab andRanibizumab in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials To theEditor In2012,Martinetal1publishedtheresultsat2years of theComparisonofAge-RelatedMacularDegenerationTreatments Trials and found a nonsignificant difference between bevacizumabandranibizumabaccordingtothecontinuousend point of the change in letters of visual acui...

Over the last decade, J. M. Robins has developed a set of tools for assessing, from observational data, the causal effects of a time-dependent treatment or exposure in the presence of time-dependent covariates that may be simultaneously confounders and intermediate variables. This report concerns a case study of the application of one these techniques, G-estimation using structural nested failu...

1. In many host–parasite systems, infection risk can be reduced by high local biodiversity, though the mitigating effects of diversity are context dependent and not universal. 2. In aquatic ecosystems, local fauna can reduce the transmission success of parasite free-swimming infective stages by preying on them, acting as decoy hosts, or physically interfering with transmission. However, most pr...

Helicobacter pylori infects the stomachs of half of all humans. It has a relatively benign relationship with most hosts but produces severe pathology, including gastric cancer, in others. Identifying the relative contributions of host, microbial, and environmental factors to the outcome of infection has been challenging. Here we describe one approach for identifying microbial genes that affect ...