Guiding of the X-ray photons emitted in an Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) device is possible using small diameter tubes. Whereas guiding of the electron and laser beams can directly increase the flux output of ICS interactions, manipulating the beams’ propagation can be very challenging. Guiding the output X-rays can be straightforward and offers three enhancements of the usable flux: off-axi...

Sven Jahnke1−3, Marc Timme1−3, Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer Network Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics & Self-Organization (MPIDS), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), 37073 Göttingen, Germany, Fakultät für Physik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Donders Institute, Department for Neuroinformatics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. (Dated: Mon Jun...

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

BACKGROUND At this time, no formal training or educational programs exist for surgeons or surgery residents interested in performing gender confirmation surgeries. AIM To propose guiding principles designed to aid with the development of formal surgical training programs focused on gender confirmation surgery. METHODS We use expert opinion to provide a "first of its kind" framework for trai...

Retinoic acid-the active metabolite of vitamin A-influences biological processes by activating the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). In this issue, Schug et al. (2007) demonstrate that retinoic acid also activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta). Remarkably, retinoic acid signaling through RAR or PPARbeta/delta-which depends on cytoplasmic retinoic acid tr...

Approaches to the problems of multi-muscle and joint redundancy have typically been based on the assumption that control levels of the nervous system directly deal with variables describing the motor output – electromyographic (EMG) signals, forces and kinematics. An alternative approach to these problems can be developed in the framework of the • model based on the empirical solution of anothe...

With the use of editorial commentaries over recent years, our editorial team has provided significant comments and updates at routine intervals regarding our progress as a leading diabetes journal. Many of the editorials were geared to addressing specific areas of science, providing discussion on clinical care or clinical research focus in a particular issue, or informing readers of new initiat...

Control over neuronal growth is a fundamental objective in neuroscience, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and biomedicine and is particularly important for the formation of neural circuits in vitro, as well as nerve regeneration in vivo [Zeck, G. & Fromherz, P. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10457-10462]. We have shown experimentally that we can use weak optical forces to...