We conducted an Internet survey in 2004-2007 in 526 daily users of the nicotine gum, to assess use of, and dependence on the nicotine gum in former smokers. We used modified versions of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS-G), the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS-G) and the Fagerström Test (FTND-G). After 30 days, 155 participants (29%) indicated their gum use. Higher dependence on the g...

To estimate the amount of misuse of and dependence on nicotine gum in an over-the-counter (OTC) setting, we conducted two telephone surveys of smokers recruited by newspaper ads. Study 1 surveyed 266 U.S. ever-smokers using OTC gum to determine the percentage who used the gum for noncessation reasons or used gum and cigarettes concurrently. In Study 1, 6% initially purchased nicotine gum to red...

Hydrocolloid-based films are a good alternative in the development of biodegradable due to their properties, such as non-toxicity, functionality, and biodegradability, among others. In this work, based on hydrocolloids (gellan gum, carrageenan, guar gum) were formulated, evaluating dynamic rheological behavior creep recovery. Maxwell’s classical fractional models implemented describe its viscoe...

Indian forests are a major source of large number of non-wood forest products. One such product is an exudate tree gum, regionally called as gum Kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium DC.), belonging to the family Bixaceae. This gum is collected by tribals in the state of Andhra Pradesh and marketed by Girijan Cooperative Society, Andhra Pradesh, India. Experimental work carried out in our laborato...

BACKGROUND In some studies, gum-chewing was demonstrated to have a beneficial effect on resumption of bowel function; however, other contradictory findings in other studies refute the effects of gum-chewing on peristaltic movements and digestive system stimulation. In addition, most previous studies were after colorectal or gynecology surgery, whereas few reports focused on the effect of gum-ch...

he reduced daily usage of nicotine gum to 16, 12, and 5 pieces, respectively, while using 3, 7, and 14 pieces of placebo gum. During week 6, he used no nicotine gum intake and averaged 17 pieces of placebo gum per day. During week 7 the 19 pieces of gum he used were divided between placebo gum and bubble gum. By week 8 and at the six-month follow-up he was using only bubble gum. We confirmed th...