String comparison is a critical issue in many application domains, including speech recognition, contents search, and bioinformatics. The similarity between two strings of lengths N and M can be computed in O(N × M) steps by means of a dynamic programming algorithm developed by Needleman and Wunsh. The algorithm can be effectively mapped onto a systolic array, resulting in a parallel implementa...

In a recent forum article, Dan Needleman and Jan Brugues argue that, despite the astonishing advances in cell biology, a fundamental understanding of even the most well-studied subcellular biological processes is lacking.(1) This lack of understanding is evidenced by our inability to make precise predictions of subcellular and cellular behaviors. They suggest that to achieve such an understandi...

The field of comparative genomics arose hand-in-hand with the ability to generate genomic sequence data. The first computer algorithms to compare amino acid sequences were developed over forty years ago (Fitch 1966; Needleman and Wunsch 1970)and improved upon as nucleic acid sequencing advanced (Sanger et al. 1977) with the application of improved statistical methods to the growing database of ...

Eicosanoids (or icosanoids) are chemical compounds including C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their numerous oxygenated metabolites, the most common being arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) and its derivatives. Three main pathways lead to these products from the fatty acid substrate. They are (i) the cyclo-oxygenase system, producing prostanoids, which include non-prostanoic ...

In our modern world it has always been assumed . . . that in order to observe oneself all that is required is for a person to "look within." No one ever imagines that self-observation may be a highly disciplined skill which requires longer training than any other skill we know.... The ... bad reputation of "introspection" ... results from the particular notion that all by himself and without gu...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes unique genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. This Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) recorded using the letters A, C, G, and T.DNA querying or alignment of these sequences required dynamic programming too...

• Ductile-to-brittle transition is simulated combining complete Gurson model and CZM. Brittle fracture only occurs when the ratio between cohesive strength yield below a critical value. Hydrogen embrittlement studied using this numerical framework hydrogen concentration revealed. A general simulation for modelling ductile-to-brittle in metals proposed. The method combines zone model, which brin...

Plastic constitutive relations are derived for a class of anisotropic porous materials consisting of coaxial spheroidal voids, arbitrarily oriented relative to the embedding orthotropic matrix. The derivations are based on nonlinear homogenization, limit analysis and micromechanics. A variational principle is formulated for the yield criterion of the effective medium and specialized to a sphero...