Aseel and Naked neck are major chicken breeds of the tropics well-known for their thermotolerance robustness. However, both them especially very susceptible to Avian Influenza (AI) which cause huge mortalities. The role cytokines in relation pathology severity disease caused by endemic strain (H9N2) AIV these remained thus far unclear. aim this study was investigate effects H9N2 on expression l...

Background and Aims: The contribution genetic and antigenic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses in evading from immune responses, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes in hemagglutinin (HA) protein restricted by HLA binding peptides was identified. Materials and Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were carried out for all of full length HA and deduced amino acid sequences of H9N2 viruses available ...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are currently endemic in poultry in Egypt. Eradication of the viruses has been unsuccessful due to improper application of vaccine-based control strategies among other preventive measures. The viruses have evolved rapidly with increased bird-to-human transmission efficacy, thus affecting both animal and public health. Subsequent spread of po...

BACKGROUND Flock surveillance systems for avian influenza (AI) virus play a critical role in countries where vaccination is not practiced so as to establish the epidemiological characteristics of AI needed for the development of prevention and control strategies in such countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of routine AI monitoring in southwest Nigeria, a competitive ELISA was used for det...

Despite their classification as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV), A/H9N2 viruses cause significant losses in poultry in many countries throughout Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. To date, poultry surveillance in Vietnam has focused on detection of influenza H5 viruses, and there is limited understanding of influenza H9 epidemiology and transmission dynamics. We determine...

Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. We assessed the potential for airborne and fomite transmission at live poultry markets in Guangzhou city and in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, during 2014 and 2015. Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N...

Among the avian influenza A virus subtypes, H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have the potential to cause an influenza pandemic because they are widely prevalent in avian species in Asia and have demonstrated the ability to infect humans. This study was carried out to determined the seroprevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus in different human populations in Fars province, which is situated in the south ...

backgrounds and objectives: classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses, the h9n2 subtype causes severe respiratory disease in poultry farms and occasional respiratory disease in humans. in this study, the neuraminidase (na) gene of three avian influenza (ai) h9n2 strains isolated from poultry farms in iran during 2010-11, as well as other reported iranian h9n2 isolates, were ge...

background and aims: avian influenza (ai) h9n2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the united states in 1966 and has been panzootic in eurasia. in iran, the h9n2 virus was first isolated from broiler chickens in 1998 in ghazvin province and it is the most prevalent subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry in iran at the present time. materials and methods: in this study, we se...

We investigated the specific H1 receptor antagonist, clemastine, in 15 children with asthma. In the respiratory unit, clemastine was an effective bronchodilator but in a clinical trial we could not show any significant benefit compared with placebo.