Arabidopsis seedlings develop a hook-like structure at the apical part of the hypocotyl when grown in darkness. Differential cell growth processes result in the curved hypocotyl hook. Time-dependent analyses of the hypocotyl showed that the apical hook is formed during an early phase of seedling growth and is maintained in a sequential phase by a distinct process. Based on developmental genetic...

Transmembrane ligands can be internalized across cell boundaries into receptor-expressing cells. In the developing Drosophila eye imaginal disc, the bride of sevenless transmembrane protein (boss) is expressed on the surface of R8 cells. After internalization into neighboring R7 cells, the boss protein accumulates in multivesicular bodies. In a search for genes that affect this cell-type-specif...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the security and effectiveness of AO/ASIF clavicle hook plate in the treatment of distal clavicle fractures and acromioclavicular joint dislocations. METHODS One hundred patients with distal clavicle fractures and acromioclavicular joint dislocations who were admitted in our hospital from January 2012 to January 2013 were selected as the study s...

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous work has demonstrated the efficacy of lumbar pedicle screw hook rod (PSHR) techniques and the Buck screw in the stabilization of spondylolysis. The mechanical behavior of lower profile cervical implants used to create PSHR, hybrid cable plate constructs, and titanium miniplating has not previously been described. METHODS Calf lumbar spines (L2-L6) were util...

AT-rich DNA, and the proteins that bind it (AT-hook proteins), modulate chromosome structure and function in most eukaryotes. Unlike other trypanosomatids, the genome of Leishmania species is unusually GC-rich, and the regulation of Leishmania chromosome structure, replication, partitioning is not fully understood. Because AT-hook proteins modulate these functions in other eukaryotes, we examin...

An outstanding square slot element, for x-band wireless applications with asymmetric coplanar waveguide fed (CPW) is proposed. Various shapes of metallic strips are utilized as grounded stubs for providing Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) functionality and wide-band properties. By adjusting the proposed stubs and hook-shaped radiator, length and positions, wider impedance band width is o...

Internal fixation of intracapsular hip fractures results in a high failure rate with non-union and avascular necrosis being the two most important complications. In order to prevent these possible complications treatment should consist of an anatomical reduction and stable fixation by insertion of a low volume, dynamic implant, providing angular and rotational stability to the femoral head. Acc...