This article discusses 3 different strategies for dealing with the harmful consequences of drug use and other risky behaviors: We can discourage people from engaging in the behavior (prevalence reduction), we can encourage people to reduce the frequency or extent of the behavior (quantity reduction), or we can try to reduce the harmful consequences of the behavior when it occurs (harm reduction...

extractit is in holy koran that one, who saves life of an individual from death, is likely to have saved all human beings. this sentence there is in mosaic law and probably in bible. on the other hand according to imman khomaini, if a doctor do harm for a patient, she/he is responsible, even if she/he has legal authorization. however sometime some physicians do mistakes which are opposite to me...

To not harm others is widely considered the most basic element of human morality. The aversion to harm others can be either rooted in the outcomes of an action (utilitarianism) or reactions to the action itself (deontology). We speculated that the human moral judgments rely on the integration of neural computations of harm and visceral reactions. The present research examined whether utilitaria...

CONTEXT In the present review study, authors investigated Iran's activities regarding prevention, abuse and harm reduction of drugs nationwide. The issue appears to be important in order to show the trend of activities in the country. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In this report, authors gathered data from different Farsi/English peer review journals issued both in printed and online versions. These j...

Starting in the 1970s and leading up to the present day, William Miller and his colleagues have been collecting experimental data about a moderate drinking intervention called Behavioral Self Control Training (BSCT) which has given us a lot of interesting data about who succeeds with a moderate drinking goal, who succeeds with an abstinence goal, who achieves a harm reduction goal, and who fail...

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starting in 1990 many programs were initiated to prevent and control the spread of hiv/aids in prisons in accordance with the policies of the ministry of health. this study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of harm reduction programs vis-à-vis drug abuse and dependency in 7 prisons in iran.the methodology used is before-after testing and the sample population is incarcerated prisoners in 7...

PURPOSE To understand the sites of macular dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa by evaluating focal electroretinogram (FERG) fundamental and second harmonic components, which are dominated by the activity of the outer and inner retina, respectively. METHODS FERGs were recorded in response to a uniform field (9 degrees x 9 degrees) flickered sinusoidally at either 8 Hz or 32 Hz. The fundamental...

BACKGROUND Vulnerability mapping based on vulnerability indices is a pragmatic approach for highlighting the areas in a city where people are at the greatest risk of harm from heat, but the manner in which vulnerability is conceptualized influences the results. OBJECTIVES We tested a generic national heat-vulnerability index, based on a 10-variable indicator framework, using data on heat-rela...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Total Consumption Theory of gambling suggests that gambling expenditure is positively associated with gambling-related harm. We test the hypothesis that electronic gaming machine (EGM) expenditure predicts gambling-related harm at the level of the EGM venue. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of survey and administrative data. SETTING General urban adult population of t...