introduction: multiple fields and presence of heterogeneities create complex dose distributions that need three dimensional dosimetry. in this work, we investigated mr-based magic gel dosimetry as a three-dimensional dosimetry technique to measure the delivered dose to bladder and rectum in prostate radiation therapy. materials and methods: a heterogeneous slab phantom including bones was made....

Earth's core-mantle boundary (CMB) shows a complex structure with various seismic anomalies such as the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) and ultra-low zones (ULVZs). As these structures are possibly induced by chemically distinct material forming layer above CMB, models of mantle convection made ad hoc assumptions to simulate dynamics this layer. In particular, density mass were...

A lmost everyone would agree that water is probably the most important liquid for life, but few fully appreciate that water is also the most puzzling among the liquids. Water is anomalous in many ways compared with simple liquids. One of the most well known anomalies is the decrease of density of water upon cooling below 4°C. Other anomalies of water include the increase of specific heat and co...