This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N=15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior domin...

We examined the effect of prior victory or defeat in the same site as that of a subsequent encounter on the outcome of dyadic encounter of domestic hens by placing them in two situations: In the first set of dyads, two unacquainted hens having experienced prior victory were introduced in the site where one had experienced victory. In the second set, two unacquainted hens having experienced defe...

Among 67 or so viruses that are able to infect soybean, 27 are considered a threat to the soybean industry (Tolin and Lacy, 2004; Saghai Maroof et al., 2008). Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the most prevalent virus and is recognized as the most serious, long-standing problem in many soybean producing areas in the world (Wang, 2009). SMV is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyvirida...

HILL Entropy and Metric Entropy are generalizations of the information-theoretic notion of min-entropy to the setting where an adversary is computationally bounded. The notion of HILL Entropy appeared in the breakthrough construction of a PRG from any one-way function, and has become the most important and most widely used definition of computational entropy. In turn, Metric Entropy which is de...

Spontaneous tandem chromosomal duplications are common in populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimun'um. They range in frequency for a given locus from lo-* to and probably form by Reddependent unequal sister strand exchanges between repetitive sequences in direct order. Certaiu duplications have been observed previously to confer a growth advantage under specific selective conditi...

Royal Road functions manipulate the t-ness landscape to provide controlled experiments into genetic algorithm (GA) theory Mitchell et al., 1992]. Variations of clique detection in a graph, e.g., nding both the max clique Soule et al., 1996] and the clique cover Haynes, 1996], have been proposed as naturally occurring Royal Road functions. Soule and Foster have tried to positively correlate diie...

Chong et al., Nishio et al., and Suri et al. (Reports, 24 March 2006, pp. 1774, 1775, and 1778) confirmed that treating nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with an immune adjuvant and semisyngenic spleen cells can reverse the disease but found that spleen cells did not contribute to the observed recovery of pancreatic islets. We show that islet regeneration predominately originates from endogenous cel...