Background: Scoliosis is a health problem that causes a side-to-side curvature in the spine. The curvature may have an “S” or “C” shape. To evaluate scoliosis, the Cobb angle has been commonly used. However, digital image processing allows the Cobb angle to be obtained easily and quickly, several researchers have determined that Cobb angle contains high variations (errors) in the measurements. ...

The road is one of the transportation infrastructures that have a role as connector between regions, and also contributes to strengthening growth economy, society, tourism, culture region. Today, tourism activity in Indonesia growing rapidly, marked by increasing number tourist areas being built, which Arak-Arak natural area Bondowoso Regency, East Java. Located hilly with an altitude 345 meter...

Let X and B be two Riemannian manifolds with π : X → B being a Riemannian submersion. Let H be the corresponding horizontal distribution, which is perpendicular to the tangent bundle of the fibres of π : X → B. Then X (just considered as a differentiable manifold), together with the distribution H, forms a so-called Carnot-Caratheodory space [1], when the Riemannian metric of X is restricted to...

Increased emphasis has been placed on improving the explicit role of highway safety in making decisions on highway planning, design, and operations. This can be achieved by quantifying the safety effects of geometric design elements for various highway facilities. While great attention has been directed primarily on rural two-lane highways and to a lesser degree, on urban arterials and rural mu...

In cryogenic fracturing, a rock surface exposed to fluids undergoes large thermal gradient, and the resultant local tensile stress overcomes strength initiates fractures. This study investigates development of cracks generated from treatment borehole under no external confining on specimens. The experiments were performed transparent PMMA specimens observe fracture proliferation around borehole...

In a previous study we found large systematic errors (up to 40 degrees) when subjects adjusted the orientation of a horizontal test bar until it appeared parallel to a horizontal reference bar, both bars rotating about their vertical axes. The deviations increased linearly with the separation angle but vanished when the orientation of the reference bar was either parallel or perpendicular to th...

we establish some relative volume comparison theorems for extremal volume forms of‎ ‎finsler manifolds under suitable curvature bounds‎. ‎as their applications‎, ‎we obtain some results on curvature and topology of finsler manifolds‎. ‎our results remove the usual assumption on s-curvature that is needed in the literature‎.

Based on the ergonomics evaluation of existing non-powered hacksaws with original/horizontal and conventional/market handles, ergonomically designed hacksaw handles are proposed. To accommodate the entire male and female populations, the hand dimensions are categorized into three groups: small, medium and large. The proposed handles give special emphasis to hand size, length, cross-section dime...

Observers viewed a computer-generated display consisting of horizontally oriented, concave-up curved lines. The position of these curves was contingent on the horizontal position of the eye so that, in order to change fixation errorlessly, from one point to another on the curve, the eye would have to execute a purely horizontal movement. In Condition H this was achieved by moving the curves hor...

An analytical solution is presented for scattering nonplanar SH waves emanating from a fault source using lined tunnel. The tunnel assumed to be an annular elastic solid in half-space. A simplified circular arc model employed represent the wave source. By means of separation variables method, all fields are given terms function series with unknown coefficients. Taking advantage method images, z...