The purpose of the study is to evaluate variations in the forces and moments applied to both the axillary (armpit) pad and handgrip of standard axillary crutches. The modified axillary pad was tapered in the front rather than symmetric and the modified handgrip was angled to about 17° rather than horizontal. The crutches used could be fitted with the standard or novel versions of both the axill...

The purpose of this paper is to review and further develop the subject of variational integration algorithms as it applies to mechanical systems of engineering interest. In particular, the conservation properties of both synchronous and asynchronous variational integrators (AVIs) are discussed in detail. We present selected numerical examples which demonstrate the excellent accuracy, conservati...

Though no single, specific occlusal pattern has been developed that is ideal for oral implantology, research suggests some general criteria for deciding on a particular occlusal pattern that will help reduce cuspal interferences and lessen horizontal or lateral forces on the fixtures. Anticipated occlusal and chewing forces need to be taken under consideration for any implant-supported prosthes...

Phylogenies based on different genes can produce conflicting phylogenies; methods that resolve such ambiguities are becoming more popular, and offer a number of advantages for phylogenetic analysis. We review so-called species tree methods and the biological forces that can undermine them by violating important aspects of the underlying models. Such forces include horizontal gene transfer, gene...

Original scientific paper Tsunami is one of the serious natural disasters in the world, which produce huge horizontal thrust on costal buildings, resulting in a large number of houses collapsed instantaneously, causing serious casualties and economic losses. In this paper, based on support from the hydrodynamic software FLOW-3D, the method of Volume of Fluid (VOF) is utilized to capture free in...

In an adult man the mean femoral anteversion angle measures approximately 15 degrees, for which the reasons have never been fully elucidated. An assortment of simian and quadruped mammalian femora was therefore examined and the anteversion angles measured. A simple static mathematical model was then produced to explain the forces acting on the neck of the femur in the quadruped and in man. Femo...

Gravity drainage is one of the important recovery mechanisms in fractured carbonate and conventional reservoirs. It occurs due to density difference between the gas in fracture and the oil in matrix as well as in conventional tilted reservoirs. Oil phase will form films which are produced under gravity forces (film flow). Many gas injection experiments have been done on laboratory scales with d...

The interactive simulation of 3D terrains has been approached from several perspectives. Due to the complexity of the system involved, most of the models proposed focus on a visually realistic animation of the scene, rather than on a physically-based accurate simulation of a granular system. Those models lack generality when interacting with the environment; in most cases, no reaction forces ar...

Several forces are always exerted to the locomotion systems such as inertial forces, gravitational forces, and ground reaction forces. Among them, we here focus on the ground reaction forces to consider the balance control of the simple two-link model in the sagittal plane, which contains one actuator at the ankle and two force sensors on the sole. To keep the balance, it is necessary that the ...