OBJECTIVE We report inequity in out-of-pocket payments (OOPP) for hospitalisation in India between 1995 and 2014 contrasting older population (60 years or more) with a population under 60 years (younger population). METHODS We used data from nationwide healthcare surveys conducted in India by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 1995-96, 2004 and 2014 with the sample sizes ranging from ...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Income inequality is associated with poor health. Inequities exist in service utilization and financing for health care. Health care costs push high number of households into poverty in India. We undertook this study to ascertain inequities in health status, service utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures in two States in north India namely, Haryana and P...

background: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the inequality of geographical distribution of non-cardiac intensive care beds in iran using the gini coefficient. methods: the population information of iran's provinces in 2006 was obtained from the statistical center of iran and the number of non-cardiac intensive care beds (including icu, posticu and nicu beds) in all provinces wa...

This article investigates the mapping of Colored Trails onto existing games. Two metastrategies are introduced to analyze the game. Based on those metastrategies, a two-player normal form game is derived. Depending on parameter settings, this game can be mapped onto two well-studied games from the field of game theory, i.e. Prisoner’s Dilemma and Stag Hunt. By introducing a third metastrategy, ...

In an ethnically polarized country, does aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity induce citizens to vote for a party promoting an equitable allocation of national resources among ethnic groups? We base our analysis on a survey that we conducted among 331 students from Addis Ababa University. We show that aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity does exert a significant influence on university stud...

OBJECTIVE: No study to date compared degrees of inequity aversion in economic decision-making in the ultimatum game between non-addictive and addictive reinforcers. The comparison is potentially important in neuroeconomics and reinforcement learning theory of addiction. METHODS: We compared the degrees of inequity aversion in the ultimatum game between money and cigarettes in habitual smokers. ...

Inequality, Inequity Aversion, and the Provision of Public Goods We investigate the effects of inequality in wealth on the incentives to contribute to a public good when agents are inequity averse and may differ in ability. We show that equality may lead to a reduction of public good provision below levels generated by purely selfish agents. But introducing inequality motivates more productive ...

Less than 1% of the total population developing world is positively affected by biotechnological innovation. The global impact biotechnology on agriculture impeded disproportionate development and growth economically important crops in developed world. In over 2 decades, 526 genetically engineered events, or bioengineered (BE) traits, 32 have been approved 44 countries (ISAAA database, 2020ISAA...

Despite the fact that most models of cooperation assume equal outcomes between individuals, in real life it is likely rare that this is the case. Does it make a difference for our understanding of the evolution of cooperation? Following a taxonomy of cooperation concepts that focuses on costs and benefits, we explore this question by considering the degree to which inequity aversion may provide...