background: cigarette smoking is one of the most important health‑related risk factors in terms of morbidity and mortality. in this study, we introduced a new method for deriving the transitional probabilities of smoking stages from a cross‑sectional study and simulated a long‑term smoking behavior for adolescents. methods: in this study in 2010, a total of 4853 high school students were random...

background: studentship period is a time when most behavioral traits are being created and fixed; this is a special time when students may start smoking. thus in the present research, prevalence of smoking in university students in iran has been evaluated. materials and methods: having extensively explored iranian and international databases (sid, iranmedex, magiran, medlib,irandoc, pubmed, goo...

background: cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   materials and methods: a total...

Hot Electrons and Hot Plasmons for Photovoltaics David J. Norris Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich We will discuss two recently observed phenomena with implications for photovoltaic devices. First, it is well known that conventional silicon solar cells lose a significant fraction of their absorbed energy when electrons that are excited high into the conduction band cool to th...

background: previous researches about the effect of smoking on semen quality are contradictory, and the mechanism behind the harmful effect of smoking on semen quality still remains unclear until today. objective: the objectives of this study are evaluation of the relationship between smoking and fertility, investigation of the effects of cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and detection of p...

aim: identification of contributory factors in smoking and gaining insight into the roles played by each of these factors including health literacy (hl) may account for quitting or decreasing the prevalence of smoking. the aim of the current study was to identify the effects caused by different hl levels on smoking.methods: 347 students inhabiting the dormitories of shahid beheshti university o...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is an effect on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, an alteration in lung function, or an increase in the cough threshold to capsaicin among workers chronically exposed to hot chili (Capsicum) peppers. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of responses to a structured questionnaire, lung function assessed by spirometry and cough threshold to inhalation of...