with entrance spirituality and god to management and organization field, as 21st century challenge, organization’s managers and leaders especially educational institutions must confront with new phenomena. spiritual leader’s role to incite and encourage human resource with use of spiritual vision and establishment of cultural context based on human values, to foster empowered, high productivity...

access to knowledge resources such as human capital and managing these capitals is the main element of attaining competitive advantages in a knowledge-based economy, in a manner that needs a distinctive paradigm of human resource management. the necessity of adopting diverse human resource practices for driving innovation has resulted in doing current research aimed at considering the impact of...

R esearchers have argued that human resources may be seen as a source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations (Barney, 1991, 1995; Becker & Gerhart, 1996). The underlying assumption is that human resources are unique to the extent that competitors cannot imitate them. This research has led to the identification of a number of human resource management practices that contribute to c...

.................................................................................................................... 18 PART A: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 19 1. Field of Research and Present Study – an Introduction to the Topic ............. 19 1.

Downsizing became a common business practice in the 1980s and continues to be a common practice today. For 2008, the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 1,517,857 workers were laid off. Given the current economic climate, this is not entirely surprising. However, downsizing seems to be a common practice regardless of the economic situation. In fact, since 2000, the lowest number of l...