This paper describes the main thermodynamic concepts related to the construction of supplemented phase (or state) diagrams (SPDs) for aqueous solutions containing vitrifying agents used in the cryoand dehydro-preservation of natural (foods, seeds, etc.) and synthetic (pharmaceuticals) products. It also reviews the empirical and theoretical equations employed to predict equilibrium transitions (...

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to estimate the three-phase (solid hydrate-liquid water-gaseous methane) coexistence line for the water-methane binary mixture. The temperature at which the three phases are in equilibrium was determined for three different pressures, namely, 40, 100, and 400 bar by using direct coexistence simulations. In the simulations water was described by...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ferric citrate hydrate is a novel iron-based phosphate binder being developed for hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy and safety of ferric citrate hydrate in nondialysis-dependent patients with CKD. Starting in April o...

We investigated structural changes, phase diagram, and vibrational properties of hydrogen hydrate in filled-ice phase C(2) by using first principles molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the experimentally reported "cubic" structure is unstable at low temperature and/or high pressure: The "cubic" structure reflects the symmetry at high (room) temperature where the hydrogen bond netwo...

-A stable 8.4/~ hydrate of kaolinite was prepared by exchanging ethylene glycol for water in the 10.8 A intercalate of ethylene glycol in kaolinite. The hydrate of kaolinite was characterized by XRD, FTIR and TGA/DSC. From the TGA data, one can estimate that there is 0.60 water molecule per A12Si20~(OH)4 units. The IR data suggest a similarity of the local environment of the intercalated water ...

ZnO nanorods have been successfully synthesized by a simple microwave-assisted solution phase approach. Hydrazine hydrate has been used as a mineralizer instead of sodium hydroxide. XRD and FESEM have been used to characterize the product. The FESEM images show that the diameter of the nanorods fall in the range of about 25–75 nm and length in the range of 500–1,500 nm with an aspect ratio of a...

Introduction: The composition of the martian polar caps has long been debated with a consensus opinion that the north is composed predominately of water ice and the south a combination of solid CO2 and water ice [1]. Smythe and Miller [2] suggested that the polar caps may be composed of at least some CO2 hydrate, aka. clathrate, or compound gas hydrates [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Durham [8] predicted tha...