Background: Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived from germ cell tumors are valuable tools for investigating differentiation and developmental biology processes in vitro. The advantage of the reproducible and rapid expansion of these cell lines provides a useful alternative to embryos for the study of mammalian cell differentiation. During early stages of cell differentiation, the rate of tran...

The goal of medicine is to prevent harm as Hippocrates pointed out; “primum non nocere; first do no harm”. Has this fact been taken into account in developing Medical Education curricula in Asia? Frequency of diseases in Asia is different from high income countries (1, 2) and funds for research are lacking.  It is therefore important to allocate available funds to the most applicable issues to...

several models have been developed to estimate land degradation rate and evaluate desertification severity. this study attempts to apply the medalus (mediterranean desertification and land use) model by considering existing conditions in the hamoun wetland, located in south-eastern iran. at first identification of the main factors affecting the desertification phenomenon was attempted, based on...

Macular telangiectasia type 2 is a bilateral disease of unknown cause with characteristic alterations of the macular capillary network and neurosensory atrophy. Its prevalence may be underestimated and has recently been shown to be as high as 0.1% in persons 40 years and older. Biomicroscopy may show reduced retinal transparency, crystalline deposits, mildly ectatic capillaries, blunted venules...

OBJECTIVES To determine the effect on the visual outcome after macular hole surgery when staining the internal limiting membrane (ILM) with indocyanine green (ICG) dye and to study the mechanism of the adverse effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 40 eyes of 38 patients with an idiopathic macular hole (size, <0.5 disc diameter; duration, <12 months). The concentration, exposure time, and a...

West Nile Virus (WNV), first isolated in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda, is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus. It is a member of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup. WNV infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted by a mosquito vector (type Culex), with wild birds serving as its reservoir. The disease is endemic in Europe, Australia, Asia, Africa, and North and Central America since it...

To cite: Rani PK, Peguda HK, Kaliki S, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/ bcr-2016-218176 DESCRIPTION A man aged 57 years, a known hypertensive, presented with symptoms of visual loss in the upper field in the left eye since 6 months. Best-corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 20/20, N6 (with eccentric fixation in the left eye). On clinical exa...

AIMS To evaluate the outcome after two types of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation techniques. METHODS Fourteen consecutive patients with advanced exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were randomly assigned to RPE-choroid sheet transplantation (group 1) or RPE cell-suspension transplantation (group 2). Outcome measures included best corrected distance and near visual...

BACKGROUND Although tissue perfusion is often decreased in patients with sepsis, the relationship between macrohemodynamics and microcirculatory blood flow is poorly understood. We hypothesized that alterations in retinal blood flow visualized by angiography may be related to macrohemodynamics, inflammatory mediators, and retinal microcirculatory changes. METHODS Retinal fluorescein angiograp...